Prevalence of obesity and diabetes among in a developing country (Albania)

Ylli, Dorina; Thomo, Tomi; Hoxha, Violeta; Kermaj, Marjeta; Husi, Gerond; Fureraj, Thanas; Ylli, Agron

doi:10.1530/endoabs.49.ep495

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Leptin is a hormone secreted by white adipocytes that plays a critical role in controlling appetite and energy expenditure. As adiposity increases, leptin serum levels also raise [2]. Leptin acts in the hypothalamus to suppress hunger and increase satiety [10].…”

Section: Interplay Between Adipose Tissue and Hpa Axis Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, up to date, the clinical observations of HPA axis activity and regulation in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and other metabolic diseases are partially inconsistent. This might be due to fluctuating adaptations of the HPA axis organs due to metabolic changes and limitations in monitoring HPA axis activity in humans 2 . In the upcoming sections, we will provide supporting evidence showcasing changes in the organs of the HPA axis within metabolic diseases, implying an elevated level of sensitivity.…”

Section: Neuroendocrine Stress Axis Alterations In Response To Metabo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Across the past four decades, the prevalence of metabolic diseases has undergone a tremendous escalation, culminating in a state of pandemic proportions [1]. This has been marked by a steadily growing frequency of obesity, which can result in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and other metabolic conditions [2]. Metabolic diseases refer to any condition that disrupts the normal functioning of metabolism, which involves the processing and transport of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids within cells.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensitivity of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis in Metabolic Diseases

Cozma,

Siatra,

Bornstein

et al. 2024

Horm Metab Res

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Metabolic diseases are prevalent in modern society and have reached pandemic proportions. Metabolic diseases have systemic effects on the body and can lead to changes in the neuroendocrine stress axis, the critical regulator of the body’s stress response. These changes may be attributed to rising insulin levels and the release of adipokines and inflammatory cytokines by adipose tissue, which affect hormone production by the neuroendocrine stress axis. Chronic stress due to inflammation may exacerbate these effects. The increased sensitivity of the neuroendocrine stress axis may be responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome, providing a possible explanation for the high prevalence of severe comorbidities such as heart disease and stroke associated with metabolic disease. In this review, we address current knowledge of the neuroendocrine stress axis in response to metabolic disease and discuss its role in developing metabolic syndrome.

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Section: Interplay Between Adipose Tissue and Hpa Axis Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neuroendocrine Stress Axis Alterations In Response To Metabo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Sensitivity of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis in Metabolic Diseases

Cozma,

Siatra,

Bornstein

et al. 2024

Horm Metab Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In addition to excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, which have been well known, the use of certain medications (eg, corticosteroids and contraceptives), eating disorders (eg, binge-eating disorder), genetic disorders (eg, Prader-Willi syndrome), endocrine disor-ders (eg, hypothyroidism, type 2 diabetes [T2D], growth hormone deficiency, and Cushing disease), and psychiatric illnesses (eg, depression and anxiety) contribute to increased risk of obesity. [14][15][16][17][18] Obesity also is a risk factor for the development of comorbidities. It has been reported that more than 60% of patients with hypertension/dyslipidemia, T2D, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are recognized as obese.…”

Section: Definition Etiology and Prevalence Of Obesity In Comorbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are numerous risk factors contributing to the development of obesity. In addition to excess caloric intake and decreased physical activity, which have been well known, the use of certain medications (eg, corticosteroids and contraceptives), eating disorders (eg, binge‐eating disorder), genetic disorders (eg, Prader‐Willi syndrome), endocrine disorders (eg, hypothyroidism, type 2 diabetes [T2D], growth hormone deficiency, and Cushing disease), and psychiatric illnesses (eg, depression and anxiety) contribute to increased risk of obesity 14–18 …”

Section: Definition Etiology and Prevalence Of Obesity In Comorbiditiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model‐Informed Approaches to Support Drug Development for Patients With Obesity: A Regulatory Perspective

Pan,

Wang,

Liu

et al. 2023

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Obesity, which is defined as having a body mass index of 30 kg/m2 or greater, has been recognized as a serious health problem that increases the risk of many comorbidities (eg, heart disease, stroke, and diabetes) and mortality. The high prevalence of individuals who are classified as obese calls for additional considerations in clinical trial design. Nevertheless, gaining a comprehensive understanding of how obesity affects the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and efficacy of drugs proves challenging, primarily as obese patients are seldom selected for enrollment at the early stages of drug development. Over the past decade, model‐informed drug development (MIDD) approaches have been increasingly used in drug development programs for obesity and its related diseases as they use and integrate all available sources and knowledge to inform and facilitate clinical drug development. This review summarizes the impact of obesity on PK, PD, and the efficacy of drugs and, more importantly, provides an overview of the use of MIDD approaches in drug development and regulatory decision making for patients with obesity: estimating PK, PD, and efficacy in specific dosing scenarios, optimizing dose regimen, and providing evidence for seeking new indication(s). Recent review cases using MIDD approaches to support dose selection and provide confirmatory evidence for effectiveness for patients with obesity, including pediatric patients, are discussed. These examples demonstrate the promise of MIDD as a valuable tool in supporting clinical trial design during drug development and facilitating regulatory decision‐making processes for the benefit of patients with obesity.

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Preventing High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Related Hepatic Steatosis by Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

Gurung,

Lim,

Kim

2024

Pharmaceuticals

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Obesity and its associated hepatic steatosis have become a global concern, posing numerous health hazards. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique approach that promotes anti-obesity by releasing intracellular fat. Chlorin e6 (Ce6)-PDT was tested for its anti-obesity properties in male ovariectomized (OVX) beagle dogs, as well as male C57BL/6 and Balb/c mice. The 12 OVX beagles were randomly assigned to one of four groups: high-fat diet (HFD) only, Ce6 only, Ce6 + 10 min of light-emitting diode light (LED) treatment, and Ce6 + 15 min of light treatment. We assessed several parameters, such as body weight, adipose tissue morphology, serum biochemistry, and body fat content analysis by computed tomography (CT) scan in HFD-fed beagle dogs. At the end of the study period, dogs that were treated for 35 days with Ce6 and exposed to LED irradiation (660 nm) either for 10 min (Ce6 + 10 min of light) or for 15 min (Ce6 + 15 min of light) had decreased body weight, including visceral and subcutaneous fats, lower aspartate transaminase (AST)/alanine transaminase (ALT) ratios, and a reduction in the area of individual adipocytes with a concomitant increase in the number of adipocytes. Furthermore, C57BL/6 male mice following an HFD diet were effectively treated by Ce6-PDT treatment through a reduction in weight gain and fat accumulation. Meanwhile, Ce6-PDT attenuated hepatocyte steatosis by decreasing the epididymal adipose tissue and balloon degeneration in hepatocytes in HFD-fed Balb/c mice. Taken together, our results support the idea that Ce6-PDT is a promising therapeutic strategy for the recovery of obesity and obesity-related hepatic steatosis.

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Prevalence of obesity and diabetes among in a developing country (Albania)

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Sensitivity of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis in Metabolic Diseases

Sensitivity of the Neuroendocrine Stress Axis in Metabolic Diseases

Model‐Informed Approaches to Support Drug Development for Patients With Obesity: A Regulatory Perspective

Preventing High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity and Related Hepatic Steatosis by Chlorin e6-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy

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