Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index Among US Adults, 1999-2010

Flegal, Katherine M.; Carroll, Margaret D.; Kit, Brian K.; Ogden, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1001/jama.2012.39

Cited by 4,811 publications

(3,560 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Similarities in the age distribution of the metabolic causes of death were also notable. Metabolic causes of death are often associated with lifestyle factors, especially obesity, and are projected to increase in prevalence as rates of obesity increase in humans in the United States (Flegal, Carroll, Kit & Ogden, 2012). Interestingly, in our comorbidity analysis (number of diagnoses recorded for dogs with a specific morbidity of interest), the diagnosis of obesity in dogs was associated with more than double the number of comorbidities as the overall population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

et al. 2018

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SummaryAround the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

et al. 2018

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“…Elevated CRC rates among younger adult blacks in both NJ and the US, and the relative stability of the rates over time suggest that modifiable behavioral risk factors related to CRC (ie physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes)37, 38, 39, 40 with known higher prevalence in the black community may not completely explain the recent increases in CRC in younger adults 1, 41, 42. Unfortunately, our subsite analyses were limited to whites and blacks, and, therefore, were not able to assess trends by subsite in API or Hispanics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in colorectal cancer incidence among younger adults—Disparities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and subsite

et al. 2018

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Millennials (ages 18‐35) are now the largest living generation in the US, making it important to understand and characterize the rising trend of colorectal cancer incidence in this population, as well as other younger generations of Americans. Data from the New Jersey State Cancer Registry (n = 181 909) and Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program (n = 448 714) were used to analyze invasive CRC incidence trends from 1979 to 2014. Age, sex, race, ethnicity, subsite, and stage differences between younger adults (20‐49) and screening age adults (≥50) in New Jersey (NJ) were examined using chi‐square; and, we compared secular trends in NJ to the United States (US). Whites, men, and the youngest adults (ages 20‐39) are experiencing greater APCs in rectal cancer incidence. Rates among younger black adults, overall, were consistently higher in both NJ and the US over time. When compared to older adults, younger adults with CRC in NJ were more likely to be: diagnosed at the late stage, diagnosed with rectal cancer, male, non‐white, and Hispanic. Invasive CRC incidence trends among younger adults were found to vary by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and subsite. Large, case‐level, studies are needed to understand the role of genetics, human papillomavirus (HPV), and cultural and behavioral factors in the rise of CRC among younger adults. Provider and public education about CRC risk factors will also be important for preventing and reversing the increasing CRC trend in younger adults.

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“…The incidence of hypertension increases with age, with >65% of people aged ≥65 years having hypertension 1, 22. Therefore, the total numbers of people diagnosed with hypertension might be expected to increase over time, although this might be mitigated somewhat by improvements in certain risk factors for hypertension including decreased prevalence of smoking,23 improved diet quality24 and leveling off in the prevalence of obesity 25, 26. However, it was estimated that, on average, >137 000 Medicare beneficiaries aged ≥65 years newly initiated antihypertensive medication each year from 2007 to 2012 20…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

Yang

Chang

Ritchey

et al. 2017

JAHA

102

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BackgroundAntihypertension medication (antihypertensive) adherence lowers risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); few studies have examined this association among older adults.Methods and ResultsWe assessed this association among Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries aged 66 to 79 years who were newly diagnosed with hypertension and initiated on antihypertensives in 2008–2009 (n=155 597). We calculated proportion of days covered (PDC) during follow‐up, using proportional subdistribution hazard models, to examine association between antihypertensive adherence and a composite CVD outcomes, including first incident of fatal/nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure. During follow‐up (median 5.8 years and 798 621 person‐years), we documented 47 198 CVD events. Among beneficiaries, 60.8%, 30.3%, and 8.9% had PDC ≥80%, 40% to 79%, and <40%. Crude incidence of CVD events were 40.1 (95% CI, 40.0–40.1), 93.9 (93.8–93.9), and 98.1 (98.1–98.2) per 1000 person‐years for PDC ≥80%, 40% to 79%, and <40%, respectively. Adjusted hazard ratios for CVD events were 1.0 (<40% as reference), 1.0 (0.97–1.03) for 40% to 79%, and 0.44 (0.42–0.45) for ≥80% (P<0.001). Dose‐response analysis suggested a nonlinear relationship between PDC and risk for CVD events with a protective effect of ≥80%. The pattern of associations between PDC and ischemic heart disease, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and heart failure were largely consistent as for CVD events and across different groups.ConclusionsAntihypertensive adherence was associated with a significantly lower risk of CVD events among older adults. There appeared to be a threshold effect in reducing CVD events at around PDC 80%, above which the risk for CVD reduced substantially.

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Prevalence of Obesity and Trends in the Distribution of Body Mass Index Among US Adults, 1999-2010

Cited by 4,811 publications

References 31 publications

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

Trends in colorectal cancer incidence among younger adults—Disparities by age, sex, race, ethnicity, and subsite

Antihypertensive Medication Adherence and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Adults: A Population‐Based Cohort Study

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