Prevalence of parents refusal rate, its associated factors and the perceptions of refusal parents in routine immunization: New findings from Pakistan

Abstract

Background:The name influenza is Italian and means "influence", Commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, that affects birds and mammals. The aim is also to develop and characterize aerodynamic systems with r-H1N1Ags for safely deposition in alveoli to enhance the bioavailability and control release of influenza antigen after pulmonary administration in animal model. This induces not only systemic humoral (IgG) responses, but also cell-mediated (IL-4, IFN-␥) and mucosal immune responses (IgA, IgG), non-invasive, propellant and needle free delivery of vaccine.Methods and materials: The chitosan microparticles were prepared by ionic gelation method of chitosan with tripolyphosphate(TPP). The formulations were optimized on the basis of particle size, tap density and entrapment efficiency. The external morphology of the optimized formulation was studied by TEM and SEM. The zeta potential was determined along with stability studies at accelerated temperatures. The in-vivo studies involved determination of antibody titres in serum and mucosal secretions and uptake studies by fluorescence microscopy.Results: The results show that as the preparation was reduces to lyophilized form which increased the stability as compared to conventional liquid formulations. The fluorescence images show the uptake of microparticles by various organs and the ELISA results shows comparable IgG responses along with IgA. Conclusion:The Chitosan microparticles have higher positive values of zeta potential due to the presence of hydroxyl group of chitosan and shows positive surface charge. In case of charged particles, as the zeta potential increases, the repulsion interaction will be larger leading to the formation of more stable particles with more uniform size distribution. Tap Density is most necessary parameter for aerodynamic microparticles with low density were expected to avoid macrophage uptake and accumulate in deep lung epithellum, one can generate large particles of low density to both optimize the aerodynamic diameter and prevent phagocytosis. Thus, Antibody production was found to be more in pulmonary as compared to other routes.