Prevalence of Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia

Bunyan, Reem F.; Towaijri, G. Al; Otaibi, Hessa Al; Kareem, Abid; Algahtani, Hussein; Mejally, Mousa Al; Al‐Mubarak, Ali A.; Al‐Rajeh, Saad; Cupler, Edward; Qureshi, Shireen; Alawi, Sadaga; Kalakatawi, Mamdouh H.; Malik, Yaser Al; Nahrir, Shahpar; Alhazzani, Adel; El-Metwally, Ashraf; Shami, Sahar; Ishak, Samah; Almudaiheem, Hajer; Al‐Jedai, Ahmed; Aljumah, Mohammed

doi:10.1155/2021/4226141

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…10 From 2015 to 2018, the first nationwide multicenter MS registry was initiated in KSA, mainly to describe the current epidemiology, disease patterns, and clinical characteristics of MS in KSA. 11 The data reported a high rampancy of MS in KSA, which is alarming and warrants immediate public health action. A local study showed that the projected prevalence of MS was estimated at 40.40/100,000 total population putting KSA above the low-risk zone as per Kurtzke classification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Awareness of the Saudi community toward multiple sclerosis in Al-Madinah Al- Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia

Alnefaie,

Alamri,

Aljarboua

et al. 2023

Int J Community Med Public Health

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Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS); pathophysiological concepts revealed that exposure to some infectious agents during childhood and genetics involvement played a role. Data reported that females were more affected by MS than males due to genetic predisposition. Recent epidemiological data indicated a higher prevalence of MS in the Arabian Gulf region, with increasing incidence in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Knowledge about MS shall aid in better management, diagnosis and treatment. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness about MS among participants in Al Madinah Al Munawarrah, KSA. Methods: This was a cross-sectional non-interventional observational survey questionnaire among 381 participants in Al Madinah. Results: The majority of participants were female aged more than 20 years old and high graded; 66.4% of the participants reported good awareness about MS, and 68% reported that MS impact the central nervous system, causing more illness among females aged between 20-39 years. Regarding the risk factors towards MS, Family history of MS and personal history of autoimmune diseases were on top of the list among the participants in relation to risk factors MS, with 43.3% and 38.1%, respectively. Conclusions: In summary, our study shed light on the lack of knowledge about MS among the adult population in Al Madinah AL Munawarrah, KSA. A better understanding of MS shall contribute towards better diagnosing and management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Awareness of the Saudi community toward multiple sclerosis in Al-Madinah Al- Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia

Alnefaie,

Alamri,

Aljarboua

et al. 2023

Int J Community Med Public Health

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“…In a recent paper, Bunyan and coworkers (2021) [18], utilizing the Saudi National Registry, estimated the prevalence of pediatric MS to be 2.73/100,000 of the Saudi pediatric population, and the overall projected prevalence was estimated to be 14.33/100,000 of the Saudi pediatric population. There were 287 MS pediatric patients in the register with a median age at diagnosis of 16.0 years, and girls were more prevalent than boys (female 74.2%; male 25.8%) [18].…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report

Al Johani,

Fudah,

Al-Zahrani

et al. 2023

Brain Sciences

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Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the myelin sheath covering the neurons of the central nervous system, including those of the brain and spinal cord. Although the etiology is not completely understood, various factors, such as genetic infections and environmental background, play a role in the pathogenesis. Repeated active episodes of MS characterized with marked inflammation results in the scarring of particular nerve segments, and eventually results in functional impairment over a period of time. Based on the clinical course of the disease, four clinical types of MS have been identified, with the relapsing–remitting type being the commonest. MS is known to occur more commonly in females in the age group of 20–40 years. Dysarthria, fatigue, muscle spasm, and numbness are the common presenting symptoms of MS. Diagnosis is generally achieved with MRI brain scans, showing demyelination plaques and lumbar puncture. Treatment of MS’s acute phase includes high doses of corticosteroids; whereas preventive treatment of MS includes the prescription of immunosuppressive therapy, including biologics. A large group of MS patients present with oral manifestations, including dysphagia, dysarthria, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disturbances, facial palsy, and chronic periodontal diseases. Other typical oral manifestations seen in MS patients include trigeminal neuralgia, paresthesia, or orofacial pain. Dental treatment and following drug prescription needs to be tailored to each patient, as there is a possibility of drug interactions. This paper presents a comprehensive, updated review of MS, with emphasis on oral manifestations and dental considerations. Additionally, it presents a case of a 40-year-old female diagnosed with MS that was presented to a dental hospital. The report discusses the oral manifestations and dental management.

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“…Women are more likely than men to have MS, and this incidence has increased over the past few years [22,23]. MS primarily affects adolescents, most often manifesting between 20 and 40 years of age, but it can also develop in children before the age of 18 [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diffusion-Weighted Images and Contrast-Enhanced MRI in the Diagnosis of Different Stages of Multiple Sclerosis of the Central Nervous System

Ismail¹,

Elsayed²

2023

Cureus

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IntroductionMultiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most prevalent disorders of the central nervous system (CNS), and it can be observed in the field of radiological cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The prevalence of MS in Saudi Arabia has increased as compared to the past few years. MRI is the gold standard non-invasive modality of choice in MS diagnosis according to the National Multiple Sclerosis Society (NMSS), New York City. This study aimed to highlight the significance of using diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) and the use of contrast media in the MS protocol, as well as the importance of identifying the suitable time of imaging after contrast enhancement to detect active lesions. MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted of 100 MS patients with an age range of 17 to 56 years. The data set included 41 active cases and 59 inactive cases. All patients had an MRI standard protocol of both the brain and spine in addition to DWI sequence and contrast agent (CA) injection, with images taken in early and delayed time. ResultsOf the patients, 71% were female and 29% were male. Active MS disease was more significant at younger ages than at older ages. Active lesions were significantly enhanced in delayed contrast images and showed high signal intensity in both the DWI and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map, while inactive lesions showed no enhancement after contrast injection and showed an iso-signal intensity in both the DWI and ADC map. ConclusionThe use of CA has developed over the years in the diagnosis of MS patients. In this study, the relationship between active lesions, DWI, and delayed contrast enhancement is very strong. In future research, we recommend adding a DWI sequence for the suspected active MS spine lesions in addition to delayed enhancement time in active MS after contrast injection to increase MRI sensitivity toward active MS lesions of the brain and spinal cord as well.

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Prevalence of Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 6 publications

References 20 publications

Awareness of the Saudi community toward multiple sclerosis in Al-Madinah Al- Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia

Awareness of the Saudi community toward multiple sclerosis in Al-Madinah Al- Munawarrah, Saudi Arabia

Multiple Sclerosis—A Demyelinating Disorder and Its Dental Considerations—A Literature Review with Own Case Report

Diffusion-Weighted Images and Contrast-Enhanced MRI in the Diagnosis of Different Stages of Multiple Sclerosis of the Central Nervous System

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