Prevalence of periodontopathogens and Candida spp. in smokers after nonsurgical periodontal therapy – a pilot study

Abstract

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the influence of smoking on clinical and microbiological parameters after nonsurgical periodontal therapy. Forty-eight subjects were grouped into smokers (SM, n = 24) and nonsmokers (NS, n = 24) and paired according to gender, age, ethnicity, and periodontal status. Both groups received oral hygiene education and scaling and root planing. Clinical evaluation was performed using plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), pocket probing depth (PPD), gingival recession (GR), and clinical attachment level (CAL) before instrumentation (baseline) and at 3 and 6 months. The prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, and Candida dubliniensis in subgingival biofilm was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The data were statistically analyzed considering p < 0.05. Clinical conditions improved between baseline and 3 months after periodontal treatment. However, NS had a better clinical response, presenting greater PPD reduction and CAL increase in comparison to SM. Periodontal treatment reduced the levels of P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and T. forsythia individually after 3 months for the NS group and after 6 months for both groups. The prevalence of Candida species was markedly higher in SM than in NS at all time points evaluated. Periodontopathogens associated or not with C. albicans or C. dubliniensis were more prevalent in SM than in NS at baseline and after 3 months. It was concluded that smoking impairs clinical and microbiological responses to periodontal therapy. Periodontopathogens combined or not with some Candida species are resistant to short-term periodontal therapy in SM.

The oral fungal mycobiome: characteristics and relation to periodontitis in a pilot study

“…Candida albicans was previously shown to enhance Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion of human gingival epithelial and fibroblast cells in vitro [23], suggesting that Candida albicans may contribute to periodontal pathogen initiation or exacerbation of periodontal disease. As the bacterial origins of periodontal disease are well understood [10], future studies should examine interactions between fungal species and bacterial periodontal pathogens in the development and progression of periodontal disease [24]. Such studies may uncover novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease.…”

Frequency of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimA in smokers and nonsmokers after periodontal therapy

“…In this study, we selected samples of P. gingivalis from our previous study 33 , in which the authors detected P. gingivalis in 50% of SM and 70.8% of NS, both groups with periodontal disease. The high frequency of P. gingivalis in patients with periodontitis is according with the results of Amano, et al 6 (2000), which detected P. gingivalis in 87.1% of patients with periodontitis.…”

The activity of bacterial peptidylarginine deiminase is important during formation of dual-species biofilm by periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and opportunistic fungus Candida albicans

“…Asterisks were used to compare cell responses to wild and mutant bacterial strains, and squares to compare cell responses to mixed biofilm versus bacteria. Rautemaa and Ramage 2011;Camargo et al 2016). Since there are data presenting the importance of the interactions between these two pathogens during the development of certain oral infections (Tamai, Sugamata and Kiyoura 2011;Haverman et al 2017), it is important to investigate in detail the character of these interactions and the contribution of particular virulence factors to this contact.…”