Prevalence of Phimosis in Males of All Ages: Systematic Review

Morris, Brian J.; Matthews, Jim; Krieger, John N.

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.10.003

Cited by 34 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Phimosis, inflammatory conditions (balanitis and lichen sclerosus) and poor genital hygiene are relevant risk factors for cancer of the penis. The prevalence of phimosis in males in adulthood is over 3.4% 28 . Between patients with cancer of the penis, this prevalence is over 25-75% 16,29 , and its contribution can be attributed to the accumulation of smegma, higher incidence of HPV or as an isolated carcinogenic factor 7,[30][31][32] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence

Vieira

Feitoza

Pinho

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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To determine the epidemiological, histopathological, and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with penile cancer in the Brazilian state of Maranhão, the region with the highest incidence worldwide. One hundred and sixteen penile cancer patients were interviewed from July 2016 to October 2018. The majority of patients lived in a rural area (57%), worked in farming (58%), had a low level of schooling or no schooling (90%), and were married or in a stable relationship (74%). The mean age was 60.4 ± 16.51 years (range, 23-93 years). Phimosis (66%), poor/moderate genital hygiene (73%), history of sexually transmitted infections (55%), and zoophilia (60%) were found in the majority of patients. Most patients had their first sexual encounter at 16.2 ± 2.8 years (range, 10-25 years), and 75% had >6 sexual partners. The most common initial symptom was pruritus (37%), and most patients waited to seek treatment (average time to treatment, 18.9 months; range, 2-84 months). Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related histologies were observed in 62% of patients. Most patients had histological grades II or III (87%), stage ≥T2 disease (84%), and lymphadenopathy at admission (42%). Penectomy was performed in 96% of patients. The population with penile cancer in the region of highest incidence in the world is marked by low socioeconomic status, high prevalence of HPV infection, and phimosis. The delay in seeking treatment is related to a very high rate of advanced cancer and aggressive surgical treatment. The high prevalence of young patients was also a striking feature.Penile cancer is uncommon in developed countries, and its incidence varies according to the demographic region and the circumcision status 1,2 . In the US and Europe, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) for 100,000 inhabitants is between 0.1 and 1.0 3 . However, in less developed countries, including some countries in South America, Asia, and Africa, the incidence is alarmingly high 1 . In uncircumcised males, the cumulative lifetime risk for cancer of the penis is higher compared to the general population, corresponding to 1 in 600 men in the US 2 . Brazil has a high incidence, and the state of Maranhão, located in the northeastern region of the country, has the highest incidence of penile cancer in the world (ASR of 6.1 cases per 100,000 inhabitants) 4 .The etiology of penile carcinoma remains unknown, and its mechanisms of development have not been completely elucidated. Phimosis, balanitis, smegma, precarious genital hygiene, smoking, history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and human papilloma virus (HPV) infection (present in approximately 50% of cases) are the main risk factors, and circumcision is an important protective factor 5-8 . Its incidence is higher in regions History of STIs 55 (40/73) Sexual history Age of first sexual encounter [mean (range)] 16.2 years (10-25 years) Zoophilia 60 (43/72) No. female partners Less than 6 25 (19/75) Between 6 and 10 17 (13/75) More than 10 58 (43/75) Duration of symptom [mean (range)] 18.9 months ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence

Vieira

Feitoza

Pinho

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…La causa del carcinoma de células escamosas es desconocida (6) , y ha sido atribuida a varios factores, entre ellos se encuentra el VPH, habiéndose reportado su asociación hasta en el 40 % de los casos (9) ; asimismo, se encontró relación en el 66,3 % con el subtipo basaloide-verrugoso (9) . Otro factor es la fimosis, pudiendo ser de etiología primaria o secundaria; esta última puede ser, además, consecuencia de liquen escleroso, diabetes u obesidad (10) . Según Barnes et al, el riesgo de cáncer de pene invasivo se incrementa con el sobrepeso (OR = 2,64) y con la obesidad (OR = 3,24) (11) , lo cual podría estar relacionado con mecanismos secundarios a un autoexamen e higiene genital deficiente, pene enterrado con acumulación de esmegma y fimosis funcional (11) .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

¿Podría ser la diabetes factor de riesgo para cáncer de pene?: a propósito de un caso

Diaz-Meyzan

Lazo

2021

revista de salud udh

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El cáncer de pene es raro y afecta con mayor frecuencia a hombres mayores de edad. Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón con antecedente de tuberculosis y que, asimismo, padece diabetes mellitus (DM), quien presento cáncer a células escamosas de pene, siendo sometido a tratamiento quirúrgico satisfactorio. El artículo tiene el propósito de mostrar la posible relación entre la diabetes y el cáncer de pene, siendo esta una neoplasia infrecuente en la zona. Sin embargo, es recomendable tenerlo presente para hacer un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno.

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“…P himosis is defined as the inability to completely retract the foreskin and expose the glans, due to congenital or acquired constriction of the foreskin [1][2][3][4] . According to the European Urology Association, the diagnosis of phimosis is established after the second year of life if the foreskin is not retractable, or if it retracts only partially, or there is a constricting ring 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Postoperative aesthetic and healing features of postectomy using three different surgical techniques: a randomized, prospective, and interdisciplinary analysisDISCUSSIONPostectomy or circumcision is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the world and is undoubtedly the most frequent operation performed on boys. As a result, it is surrounded by controversies, involving its indication, age for completion, most appropriate technique and method, in addition to the standard final aesthetic and healing aspects1,3,4,6,21,22 .Such controversies, to a greater or lesser extent, could be resolved by conducting randomized, well-structured clinical studies that provide for the monitoring of the patients involved over a significant period, necessary for the correct and adequate analysis of the monitored parameters.The difficulty of repeatedly reassessing patients in the postoperative period for a considerable time is commonplace for the pediatric surgeon, who deals with fathers and mothers of all social classes, socioeconomic and cultural conditions, whether in the public or private health systems. This study was developed and carried out in a public institution hospital, with exclusive medical care for patients of the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS).…”

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confidence: 99%

Postoperative aesthetic and healing features of postectomy using three different surgical techniques: a randomized, prospective, and interdisciplinary analysis

FALCÃO

Stegani

Tenório

et al. 2020

Rev. Col. Bras. Cir.

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Objective: to compare the postoperative esthetic and healing aspects of postectomy performed by different surgical techniques, based on the evaluation of different specialty expert professionals. Methods: prospective and randomized clinical trial enrolling 149 preschool children with a medical indication for circumcision, divided into three groups: postectomy with the hemostatic device Plastibell® (PB group), conventional technique (CV group) and conventional with subcuticular stitches (SC group). Pictures were taken from patients at pre-defined angles on the 30th and 60th postoperative days. Photos were evaluated by three specialists (dermatologist, pediatrician and plastic surgeon), who assigned scores from 1 to 5 regarding the esthetic and healing features at each moment. Grades 4 or 5 from all specialists characterized “best result”. Data were analysed to compare the used surgical techniques, the judgments from specialties and postoperative complications. Results: most of the patients obtained the “best result” regarding healing (70%) and esthetics (56%). The final overall result showed the PB group as the best for healing (p=0.028) and the SC group as the best for esthetics (p=0.002). For the dermatologist, on the 60th postoperative day, the CV group presented the worst aesthetic result, whereas for the pediatrician and the plastic surgeon, the PB group presented the best healing result and the SC group had the best esthetic result. There was no difference between the groups regarding the presence of complications. Conclusion: the most common surgical techniques used to perform postectomy in children were differently assessed regarding healing and esthetic features by distinct medical professionals. The analysis of these two parameters among experts from related areas diverged among them and over time.

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Prevalence of Phimosis in Males of All Ages: Systematic Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 54 publications

Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence

Profile of patients with penile cancer in the region with the highest worldwide incidence

¿Podría ser la diabetes factor de riesgo para cáncer de pene?: a propósito de un caso

Postoperative aesthetic and healing features of postectomy using three different surgical techniques: a randomized, prospective, and interdisciplinary analysis

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