Prevalence of Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage Among Children 2–18 Months of Age

Abstract

The findings suggest that the burden of pneumococcal disease and colonization in Cuba could be significantly affected after vaccine introduction.

Risk factors associated with nasopharyngeal carriage and density of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus in young children living in Indonesia

“…The risk factors for S. pneumoniae carriage in our study, the presence of two or more children under the age of five years in the household, and having URTI symptoms, were consistent with studies conducted on children of a similar age in other countries [10, 11]. Having URTI symptoms was also identified as risk factors for M. catarrhalis carriage.…”

Cost-effectiveness of introducing a domestic pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7-TT) into the Cuban national immunization programme

“…The proportion of carriage due to vaccine serotypes (C V ) and non-vaccine serotypes (C N ) was estimated to be 0.26 (50/187) and 0.73 (137/187) respectively, based on a carriage study of Cuban children aged 2-18 months conducted between October and December 2013 in Cienfuegos municipality (Toledo et al, 2017). The proportion of pneumococcal disease due to vaccine serotypes (D V ) and non-vaccine serotypes (D N ) was estimated to be 0.48 (11/ 23) and 0.52 (12/23) respectively, based on national hospital sentinel surveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease among children aged <24 months in the year 2014 (Toraño- .…”

“…Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important cause of severe bacterial infections in young children and the elderly (Valenzuela et al, 2009). In Cuba, high rates of nasopharyngeal colonization have been reported in children <5 years of age (Toledo et al, 2017) and pneumococcus is one of the main causes of meningitis, pneumonia, sepsis and acute otitis media (Wahl et al, 2018). The first licensed pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) demonstrated substantial reductions in severe pneumococcal disease in both vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals (de Oliveira et al, 2016).…”

From individual to herd protection with pneumococcal vaccines: the contribution of the Cuban pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation strategy

“…It is expected that the mass immunization of preschool children with high coverage will have a significant impact on nasopharyngeal carriage in those directly vaccinated and also on bacterial circulation at the population level. To estimate the impact on bacterial circulation, a prevalence in the vaccinated population at baseline of approximately 22-31.1% was assumed on the basis of nasopharyngeal colonization studies conducted in Cuba (Toledo et al, 2017a;Toledo et al, 2017b). A prevalence reduction range of between 25% and 60% (lower and upper reduction limits) has been reported in a systematic review and observational studies (Loo et al, 2014b;Fleming-Dutra et al, 2014).…”

“…In addition, daycare attendance is considered a significant risk factor for IPD (Johnson et al, 2010;Takala et al, 1995). Also, living with a sibling younger than 5 years of age (odds ratio 2.51, 95% confidence interval 1.82-3.48) and daycare attendance (odds ratio 2.36, 95% confidence interval 1.26-4.33) have been found to be determinants of nasopharyngeal carriage in Cuba (Toledo et al, 2017a).…”