Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Vellore, South India

Mohan, Vivek; Jayaraman, T.; Muliyil, Jayaprakash; Oommen, Anna; Dorny, Pierre; Vercruysse, Jozef; Rajshekhar, Vedantam

doi:10.1093/trstmh/trs003

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Malagasy indigenous pigs were 8.5 times [6.7 – 10.7] more likely to be infected than exotic improved pigs, as also observed to a lesser extent in India [ 22 ], and Zambia [ 23 ]. In contrast, commercial or crossbred animals were particularly mentioned as a risk factor for cysticercosis in Zambia [ 24 ] and South Africa [ 25 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection

Porphyre

Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo

Rakotoarimanana

et al. 2015

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundTaenia solium cysticercosis is a parasitic meat-borne disease that is highly prevalent in pigs and humans in Africa, but the burden is vastly underestimated due to the lack of official control along the pork commodity chain, which hampers long-term control policies.MethodsThe apparent and corrected prevalences of T. solium cysticercosis were investigated in pork carcasses slaughtered and retailed in Antananarivo (Madagascar), thanks to a 12-month monitoring plan in two urban abattoirs.ResultsOverall apparent prevalence was estimated at 4.6 % [4.2 – 5.0 %]. The corrected overall prevalence defined as the estimated prevalence after accounting for the sensitivity of meat inspection was 21.03 % [19.18- 22.87 %]. Significant differences among geoclimatic regions were observed only for indigenous pigs, with an apparent prevalence estimated at 7.9 % [6.0 – 9.9 %] in the northern and western regions, 7.3 % [6.0 – 8.6 %] in the central region, and 6.2 % [4.7 – 7.8 %] in the southern region. In the central region, where both exotic and indigenous pigs were surveyed, indigenous pigs were 8.5 times [6.7 – 10.7] more likely to be infected than exotic improved pigs. Urban consumers were more likely to encounter cysticercosis in pork in the rainy season, which is a major at risk period, in particular in December. Differences between abattoirs were also identified.ConclusionOur results underline the need for improved surveillance and control programmes to limit T. solium cysticercosis in carcasses by introducing a risk-based meat inspection procedure that accounts for the origin and breed of the pigs, and the season.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection

Porphyre

Rasamoelina-Andriamanivo

Rakotoarimanana

et al. 2015

Parasites Vectors

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“…solium cysticercosis is endemic in pigs in India [1] and has been reported from several regions of India [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. For example, a sero-prevalence of 11.6% of porcine cysticercal antigens was reported from Tamil Nadu, India [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and distribution of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Punjab, India

et al. 2018

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BackgroundTaenia solium (T. solium) cysticercosis remains a neglected zoonotic disease in India. The current study was planned to estimate the prevalence of T. solium porcine cysticercosis in the Punjab state of India, to compare this prevalence with the disease prevalence in pigs reared outside Punjab and to assess the distribution of the parasite in pig carcasses.MethodsTwo slaughter shops were selected in each of the 22 districts of Punjab. Pigs slaughtered on the day/s of inspection were post-mortem inspected to identify the presence of T. solium cysts. Estimated true prevalence was estimated by taking into account the diagnostic sensitivity (38%) and specificity (100%) of post-mortem inspection using the Rogan-Gladen estimator. Positive carcasses were purchased and brought to the laboratory to assess the tissue distribution of T. solium cysts and to conduct PCR targeting large subunit rRNA gene, internal transcribed spacer 1 gene, ITS1 gene and Cytochrome oxidase I gene. The selected PCR products were submitted for sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed.FindingsWe contacted 71 shop owners to achieve a sample of 44 shops for the study. We inspected 642 pigs reared in Punjab and 450 imported from other states at these slaughter shops. In addition, we sampled 40 pigs from an abattoir located in the state capital. Of the 642 pigs reared in Punjab, 9 had T. solium cysts with an apparent prevalence of 1·40% (95% CI: 0·74%, 2·64%) and the estimated true prevalence of 3.69% (95% CI: 1·95%, 6·95%). Pigs imported from outside the state had a significantly higher prevalence (odds ratio: 2·58; 95% CI: 1·12, 5·98; p-value: 0·026) as 15 of the 450 imported pigs were positive (apparent prevalence: 3.33%; 95% CI: 2.03%, 5.43%; estimated true prevalence: 8.77%; 95% CI: 5.34%, 14.28%). None of samples was positive from the pigs sampled at the abattoir in the state capital. The PCR confirmed T. solium cysts from all the 24 positive samples. We counted a median of 897 (range 526–1964) cysts per infected pig from the 19 infected pig carcasses inspected. The phylogenetic tree based on the alignment of partial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences indicated all positive samples to be clustered with the T. solium Asian genotype. The analysis did not indicate the presence of T. asiatica in the slaughter pigs.ConclusionsDespite the underestimation of the prevalence due to missing mildly-infected carcasses, low participation and lack of representative sampling, the presence of heavily infected carcasses containing viable cysts, particularly those imported from outside the state, indicates that T. solium cysticercosis is an important food safety concern for pork consumers in Punjab, India. Measures should be taken to reduce the disease prevalence in pigs to reduce the disease burden in the public.

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“…The LLGP EITB assay in pigs is often used in epidemiologic studies to identify regions where T. solium transmission occurs and in trials to monitor the progress of control interventions. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Seropositivity has also been used to select pigs with increased likelihood of detecting viable T. solium cyst infection for necropsy. 9 The high reported specificity of the LLGP EITB in pigs has been viewed as an advantage over the use of antigen detection assays as these are known to cross-react with the metacestode stage of other Taenia sp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Serologic testing for the metacestode stage of the parasite in pigs plays an important role in understanding transmission and in monitoring control interventions. [1][2][3][4][5][6] One commonly used diagnostic assay for this purpose is the lentil lectin glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay (LLGP EITB), which uses a semipurified fraction that contains seven native T. solium glycoprotein antigens (GP50, GP42-39, GP24, GP21, GP18, GP14, and GP13, the number indicating the molecular weight in kDa). 7 Reaction to one or more of these diagnostic bands indicates the presence of circulating antibodies resulting from infection with or exposure to T. solium metacestode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Cysticercosis: Possible Cross-Reactivity of Taenia hydatigena to GP50 Antigen in the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot Assay

Muro

Gómez-Puerta

Flecker

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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The lentil lectin glycoprotein enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (LLGP EITB, reported sensitivity 99% and specificity 100%) is used as a serologic marker of exposure to in pigs. However, only a limited number of parasites have been evaluated for cross reactivity. Pigs may host other related cestode infections, including which have not been formally evaluated for cross-reactions. We investigated a corral in Tumbes, Peru, a region where a cysticercosis elimination demonstration project was completed in 2012. In this corral, 14/19 (73.7%) 6-8-week-old piglets were reactive to GP50 on LLGP EITB, and all had circulating sp. antigens. From eight necropsied piglets; four were infected with metacestodes whereas none had evidence of infection. Two resident dogs were subsequently confirmed to have taeniasis. These results suggest GP50 cross-reactivity in infected pigs, although controlled experimental infection is needed to confirm this hypothesis.

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Prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Vellore, South India

Abstract: The high prevalence of porcine cysticercosis recorded in the study areas mandates public health measures, which includes meat inspection.

Cited by 16 publications

References 12 publications

Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection

Spatio-temporal prevalence of porcine cysticercosis in Madagascar based on meat inspection

Prevalence and distribution of Taenia solium cysticercosis in naturally infected pigs in Punjab, India

Porcine Cysticercosis: Possible Cross-Reactivity of Taenia hydatigena to GP50 Antigen in the Enzyme-Linked Immunoelectrotransfer Blot Assay

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