I ndividuals develop three types of cognitions in the aftermath of a traumatic experience: negative cognitions about the self, negative cognitions about the world, and self-blame (Foa et al., 1999). Although the relationship of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic cognitions has been supported in literature, memory-related responses affecting this relationship need further exploration. It was the intention of the present study to address this gap by examining the moderating role of emotional intensity of trauma memory in the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD symptoms. In a sample of survivors of typhoon Haiyan (N = 632), one of the strongest typhoons ever recorded, it was found that in general, negative cognitions about the self and the world, but not self-blame, predict PTSD symptoms; and emotional intensity of trauma memory generally moderates the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and PTSD. The findings of the study would be useful in the development and enhancement of interventions to help the survivors of natural disasters in maintaining their mental health and wellbeing.
Keywords: posttraumatic cognitions, emotional intensity, PTSDTyphoon Haiyan was one of the strongest typhoons to hit Southeast Asia. With its violent rains and winds of up to 170 mph when it made landfall, it caused massive casualties of lives and properties among Filipinos (Inquirer.net, 2013). A total of 6,300 individuals died and 28,689 were injured; 1,084,762 houses were damaged, leading to homelessness and forced displacement. Moreover, billions of pesos worth of properties were damaged. Due to the massive destruction caused by typhoon Haiyan, the Philippines was declared to be a national state of calamity (Del Rosario, 2014). Aside from the deaths of loved ones and loss of properties, other problems encountered by survivors included lack of food and drinking water, absence of electricity, and the lack of means of communication and transportation, as well as poor access to basic medical care (Dash, Viswanathan, & AminHanjani, 2014). These experiences were likely to have a significant impact on the mental health and wellbeing of survivors.Although numerous studies have examined factors influencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among natural disaster survivors, such as sociodemographic charAddress for correspondence : Ma. Jenina N. Nalipay, College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Education Research, Philippine Normal University, Taft Avenue, Manila, Philippines. Email: jnalipay@yahoo.com acteristics (Adams et al., 2014;Ehring, Razik, & Emmelkamp, 2011;Kun et al., 2009;Xu & Song, 2011), loss of family members, damage to properties (Chan et al., 2011;Kun et al., 2009), and lack of social support (Ehring et al., 2011), there is limited information on the internal processes involved in the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms among samples with this type of trauma (Constans et al., 2012). Two of the factors internal to the individual that have consistently been fo...