Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Nagarajan, Ramya; Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj; Basavarachar, Vanitha; Dakshinamoorthy, Raghul

doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.040

Cited by 70 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Our findings demonstrate a rate of 31.5% for post-traumatic stress disorders. These data are higher than the ones found in other meta-analyses [ 28 , 29 , 31 , 64 , 65 ] and were almost always over the maximum value of the CI. The study of Cénat et al [ 28 ] examining several short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19, concluded a 21.94% prevalence of PTSD, while Al Falasi et al [ 29 ] reported a general public prevalence of 19.3%.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

“…The study of Cénat et al [ 28 ] examining several short-term mental health consequences of COVID-19, concluded a 21.94% prevalence of PTSD, while Al Falasi et al [ 29 ] reported a general public prevalence of 19.3%. Moreover, Bourmistrova et al [ 27 ], based on COVID-19 patients, estimated a PTSD prevalence of 17.68%, Nagarajan et al [ 31 ] found a prevalence of 16% of PTSD in COVID-19 survivors and Yunitri et al [ 30 ] estimated of PTSD prevalence of 17.52%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, longer-term COVID-19 patients typically exhibited no worse than mild symptoms of anxiety and depression, and the prevalence of these symptoms were consistent with the general population. Moreover, another study examining only survivors of severe COVID-19 infection concluded that a PTSD pooled prevalence of 16% (9 to 25)-k = 13; N = 1093) seems to exist [ 31 ]. Research with a larger meta-analysis (k = 63; from 24 counties; N = 124.952) found an overall pooled estimate of PTSD prevalence of 17.52% (13.89–21.86) [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample

Quintas

Guerreiro

Carvalho

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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The social conditions created by the COVID-19 pandemic had a great potential to affect the mental health of individuals. Meta-analyses indicate a rise in these problems in these periods among general populations, patients and health professionals, even with substantial heterogeneous results. This paper examines mental health impacts specifically during the first wave of COVID-19. An online survey was conducted with a Portuguese convenience sample (N = 1.062) comprising questions about substance use, perceived stress, post-traumatic stress disorder and self-damage behaviors. The results concerning substance use show an extensive use of medication to sleep or calm down, especially among women and older respondents, a small percentage of alcohol consumers with a high pattern of use and less frequent cannabis consumption, even with a quarter of users who began only in the COVID-19 period. The rates of perceived stress and PTSD were higher compared with international prevalence estimations during the pandemic conditions. Both correlated measures were worse for women and young people. Another problematic issue was the rate of suicidal ideation, with a relevant proportion of starters during this period. These data reinforce the need to promote access to mental health services.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample

Quintas

Guerreiro

Carvalho

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…Also, we found that COVID-19 traumatic stress is another factor in our five-model factor. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder due to the COVID-19 pandemic is high not only to health professionals but also to the general population (Caruso et al, 2021; d’Ettorre et al, 2021; Li et al, 2021; Nagarajan et al, 2022; Sahebi et al, 2021). The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic reaches 15% in the general population and 21.5% in healthcare workers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the “COVID Stress Scales” in Greek

Galanis

Vraka

Katsiroumpa

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, several instruments were developed to measure the psychological impact of COVID-19, such as fear, anxiety, post-traumatic stress, phobia, etc. Objective: To adapt cross-cultural and validate the COVID Stress Scales in Greek. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 200 participants between November 2021 to February 2022. All participants were adults, and a convenience sample was obtained. We applied the forward-backward translation method to create a Greek version of the COVID Stress Scales. We assessed the reliability of the questionnaire with the test-retest method in a 10-day window, and we assessed the validity of the questionnaire with exploratory factor analysis. Results: Our five-factor model explained 72% of the variance and totally confirmed the factors of the initial COVID Stress Scales. In particular, we found the following five factors: (a) COVID-19 danger and contamination (eleven items), (b) COVID-19 socioeconomic consequences (six items), (c) COVID-19 xenophobia (six items), (d) COVID-19 traumatic stress (six items), and (e) COVID-19 compulsive checking (six items). Cronbach coefficients alpha for the five factors that emerged from the exploratory factor analysis were greater than 0.89 indicating excellent internal reliability. Conclusions: We found that the COVID Stress Scales is a reliable and valid tool to measure stress due to the COVID-19 in the Greek population.

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“…A forest plot was used to visualized the data. The heterogeneity of included studies was estimated using the Cochran's Q-test and I 2 statistics, and the value of I 2 between 0 and 25%, 25–75%, and >75% was considered mild, moderate, and high heterogeneity, respectively ( 20 ). Prespecified subgroup analyses based on the definition of PE elevation and data source were performed to explore the heterogeneity of clinical outcomes between studies.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Outcomes of Pancreatic Enzymes Elevation in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2022

Front. Public Health

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Background:Although coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is considered to be a disease that mainly involves the respiratory system, an increasing number of studies have reported that COVID-19 patients had pancreatic enzymes (PE) elevation and even pancreatic injury. The study aims to determine the prevalence of PE elevation, and the relationship between elevated PE and prognosis in COVID-19 patients.MethodsA comprehensive literature search was conducted according to the PRISMA guideline in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for studies reporting PE elevation in patients with COVID-19 from 1st January 2020 to 24th November 2021.ResultsA total of 13 studies (24,353 participants) were included in our review. The pooled prevalence of PE elevation in COVID-19 patients was 24% (18%–31%), the pooled odds ratio (OR) of mortality was 2.5 (1.7–3.6), the pooled OR of ICU admission was 4.4 (2.8–6.8), and the pooled OR of kidney injury, respiratory failure and liver injury were 3.5 (1.6–7.4), 2.0 (0.5–8.7), and 2.3 (1.4–3.9) respectively. In addition, the subgroup analysis revealed that although PE elevated to > 3 × upper normal limit (ULN) was significantly related to the mortality (OR = 4.4, 2.1–9.4), it seemed that mild elevation of PE to 1–3 ULN also had a considerable risk of mortality (OR = 2.3, 1.5–3.5).ConclusionsPE elevation was a common phenomenon in patients with COVID-19, and was associated with poor clinical outcomes. However, due to the limited numbers of included studies, the result of our study still needed to be validated.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?RecordID=295630, identifier: CRD42021295630.

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Prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of severe COVID-19 infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 70 publications

References 19 publications

The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample

The Implication of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Mental Health: Results from a Portuguese Sample

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the “COVID Stress Scales” in Greek

Prevalence and Outcomes of Pancreatic Enzymes Elevation in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

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