Prevalence of postpartum depression in a Moroccan sample

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with post-partum depression among Moroccan mothers. The authors interviewed 144 mothers at 2 and 6 weeks, and at 6 and 9 months after delivery. They used the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) and the Arabic version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Using the M.I.N.I., 18.7% met DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorder in the second week after childbirth. Using a cut-off score of 12, the EPDS indicated a sensitivity and specificity of 92% and 96% respectively. Depressive disorder was significantly associated with pregnancy complications, stressful life events during pregnancy, baby's health problems, and poor marital relationship. The subsequent point prevalences were 6.9%, 11.8% and 5.6% respectively at 6 weeks, 6 and 9 months. Postnatal visits were effective in the identification of Moroccan depressed mothers.

Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low- and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review

“…8,9,11,13,23,30,[37][38][39][40]49,53 A higher risk was associated with adverse reproductive events including unwanted or unintended pregnancy, past pregnancy losses, coincidental illness and operative birth. However, other studies found no significant association between CPMDs and unwanted pregnancy, 16,28 gravidity, 22,36,48 parity 13,16,20,22,34,37,47,57 prior stillbirth, 18,20,34,39 coincidental medical problems 48 or caesarean birth. 16,20,23,26,36,40,55,57 …”

“…However, other studies found no significant association between CPMDs and unwanted pregnancy, 16,28 gravidity, 22,36,48 parity 13,16,20,22,34,37,47,57 prior stillbirth, 18,20,34,39 coincidental medical problems 48 or caesarean birth. 16,20,23,26,36,40,55,57 …”

“…Rates of CPMD were also higher among women who were young 9,37,49 ; of a religious minority, 34 or unmarried. 13,39,55 However, other studies found no association between CPMD and maternal age 10,13,16,20,22,32,36,45,48 ; marital status 9,34,37,47 ; economic difficulties or a low income 13,22,26,32,36,45,48 ; unemployment 9,16,26,34,36,47 or adverse life events. 10,31…”

“…increased risk 10,16,18,25,30,37,39,40,45,49 . Relative rather than absolute disadvantage also appears to be relevant: Wan et al 48 found that not owning a car in Beijing was associated with a higher risk of suffering a CPMD (odds ratio, OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0-3.6).…”

Poverty and postnatal depression: a systematic mapping of the evidence from low and lower middle income countries

“…p.209 (Nakku et al, 2006) "profession, education and income were also recorded to enable classification of socioeconomic status …i.e. high socioeconomic class (HSEC), middle socioeconomic class (MSEC) and low socioeconomic class (LSEC) (Nagpal et al, 2008) Income / Finances/ Assets and housing Household income Black et al, 2007;Chersich et al, 2009;Gao et al, 2009;Nhiwatiwa et al, 1998;Xie et al, 2009) Family income (Chandran et al, 2002{Husain, 2006#4023{Pollock, 2009#119{Savarimuthu, 2009 trading/civil servant/unemployed/student (Nigeria) (Adeyemi et al, 2008) Hunger "Had been hungry during past month because of lack of money" (India) (Patel et al, 2002) 19 Husain et al, 2006b; Financial difficulties (Pollock et al, 2009) (Abiodun, 2006;Alami et al, 2006;Ho-Yen et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2002;Pollock et al, 2009) - (Abiodun, 2006) (Husain et al, 2006b) Human capital Maternal education - (Black et al, 2009;Black et al, 2007;Fisher et al, 2004;Gao et al, 2009;Gausia et al, 2009;Ho-Yen et al, 2007;Patel et al, 2002;Pollock et al, 2009;Savarimuthu et al, 2009) - (Abiodun, 2006) (Agoub et al, 2005;Alami et al, 2006;Mariam & Srinivasan, 2009; Paternal employment Rahman, Iqbal et al 2003) (Fisher et al, 2004Patel et al, 2002 20 …”