Prevalence of Prostatic Calcification Subtypes and Association With Prostate Cancer

Smolski, Michal; Turo, Rafal; Whiteside, Sigrid; Bromage, Stephen J.; Collins, Gerald N.

doi:10.1016/j.urology.2014.09.026

Cited by 29 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The significance of PCs is not well understood, but there is some evidence to suggest an association of PCs and prostatic inflammation, lower urinary tract symptoms and PCa. [75][76][77] Their relevance here is that PCs visible on radiographic images may present a natural alternative to surgically implanted markers.…”

Section: Prostate Calcifications As Fiducial Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review

O’Neill¹,

Jain²,

Hounsell³

et al. 2016

The British Journal of Radiology

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Image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) is an essential tool in the accurate delivery of modern radiotherapy techniques. Prostate radiotherapy positioned using skin marks or bony anatomy may be adequate for delivering a relatively homogeneous whole-pelvic radiotherapy dose, but these surrogates are not reliable when using reduced margins, dose escalation or hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Fiducial markers (FMs) for prostate IGRT have been in use since the 1990s. They require surgical implantation and provide a surrogate for the position of the prostate gland. A variety of FMs are available and they can be used in a number of ways. This review aimed to establish the evidence for using prostate FMs in terms of feasibility, implantation procedures, types of FMs used, FM migration, imaging modalities used and the clinical impact of FMs. A search strategy was defined and a literature search was carried out in Medline. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, which resulted in 50 articles being included in this review. The evidence demonstrates that FMs provide a more accurate surrogate for the position of the prostate than either external skin marks or bony anatomy. A combination of FM alignment and soft-tissue analysis is currently the most effective and widely available approach to ensuring accuracy in prostate IGRT. FM implantation is safe and well tolerated. FM migration is possible but minimal. Standardization of all techniques and procedures in relation to the use of prostate FMs is required. Finally, a clinical trial investigating a non-surgical alternative to prostate FMs is introduced.

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Section: Prostate Calcifications As Fiducial Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review

O’Neill¹,

Jain²,

Hounsell³

et al. 2016

The British Journal of Radiology

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“…These calculi may have a particular relevance for prostate IGRT providing a marker at the prostate/rectal interface where planning margins are often reduced to minimise rectal toxicity. Location may prove to be even more significant if proven to be linked to PCa or even foci of PCa within the prostate as suggested by Smolski et al [21]. In this scenario the calculi might actually become the target, or surrogate, for an intra-prostatic boost.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Observed high incidence of prostatic calculi with the potential to act as natural fiducials for prostate image guided radiotherapy

O’Neill

Osman

Jain

et al. 2019

Technical Innovations & Patient Support in Radiation Oncolo

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This study aims to quantify the incidence and distribution of prostatic calculi in a population of prostate radiotherapy patients and assess their potential role in prostate image guided radiotherapy (IGRT). Methods & materials: A retrospective analysis of trans-rectal ultrasound (TRUS), computed tomography (CT) planning and treatment verification cone beam CT (CBCT) scans from radical prostate radiotherapy patients (external beam and brachytherapy) between 2012 and 2014 was undertaken by a single experienced observer. An internationally validated schema from the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data system (PIRADS) was used to map the location of calculi. The association of calculi with patient and disease characteristics was explored. Data was analysed using SPSS (IBM version 22.0) using descriptive statistical methods and logistic binary regression analysis. Results: 389 scan sets from 254 patients were included in the analysis. The overall incidence of calculi was 85% (n = 218) of which 79% (n = 201) were intra-prostatic calculi. The mean number of intraprostatic calculi was 2 (range 1-10) and the mean size of calculi was 3.7 mm (range 0.5-15 mm). Calculi were most frequently observed in the posterior of the mid-gland (PI-RADs 3p, 9p) and posterior of the apex (PI-RADs 5p, 11p). 99% (n = 135) of CT planning scans with a corresponding CBCT had calculi in the same PIRADs location and all calculi were visible at the last fraction. There was no statistically significant association of calculi and N stage, M stage or Gleason score. Conclusions: A significant proportion of prostate radiotherapy patients have prostatic calculi detectable on pre radiotherapy imaging. Calculi observed on CT were also detectable on CBCT in 99% of cases and remain visible at the end of treatment. These findings add to the growing evidence base supporting the potential of calculi as an alternative to fiducial markers to aid prostate IGRT.

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“…Prostatic calcification is commonly observed and has been associated with PC [40]. Studies on tumor endothelial cells isolated from mice that spontaneously developed PC revealed that the calcification process in prostate vessels is sustained by the chondrogenic differentiation of endothelial cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

SpidermiR: An R/Bioconductor Package for Integrative Analysis with miRNA Data

Cava

Colaprico

Bertoli

et al. 2017

IJMS

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Gene Regulatory Networks (GRNs) control many biological systems, but how such network coordination is shaped is still unknown. GRNs can be subdivided into basic connections that describe how the network members interact e.g., co-expression, physical interaction, co-localization, genetic influence, pathways, and shared protein domains. The important regulatory mechanisms of these networks involve miRNAs. We developed an R/Bioconductor package, namely SpidermiR, which offers an easy access to both GRNs and miRNAs to the end user, and integrates this information with differentially expressed genes obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Specifically, SpidermiR allows the users to: (i) query and download GRNs and miRNAs from validated and predicted repositories; (ii) integrate miRNAs with GRNs in order to obtain miRNA–gene–gene and miRNA–protein–protein interactions, and to analyze miRNA GRNs in order to identify miRNA–gene communities; and (iii) graphically visualize the results of the analyses. These analyses can be performed through a single interface and without the need for any downloads. The full data sets are then rapidly integrated and processed locally.

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Prevalence of Prostatic Calcification Subtypes and Association With Prostate Cancer

Cited by 29 publications

References 17 publications

Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review

Fiducial marker guided prostate radiotherapy: a review

Observed high incidence of prostatic calculi with the potential to act as natural fiducials for prostate image guided radiotherapy

SpidermiR: An R/Bioconductor Package for Integrative Analysis with miRNA Data

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