Prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in adults with mental retardation and challenging behaviour

Factor structure of the PAS-ADD Checklist with adults with intellectual disabilities

“…More recently, Sturmey et al (2005) reported a factor analysis of the PAS-ADD Checklist with 226 adults with intellectual disabilities, reporting a onefactor solution relating to mood. Although Moss et al (2000) and Holden and Gitlesen (2003) report results on four PAS-ADD Checklist subscales rather than three (depression, anxiety, hypomania, psychosis) the method used to derive these subscales is unclear, and the two studies conflict in their reports of associations between these Checklist subscales and measures of challenging behaviour. This paper reports on a series of factor analyses conducted on the PAS-ADD Checklist using a large sample of adults with ID in the UK living across a broad range of settings (see Taylor et al, 2004), with the aim of determining whether clinically relevant, psychometrically adequate and stable subscales can be empirically derived.…”

Health and Problem Behavior Among People With Intellectual Disabilities

“…For example, mental illness can occur at any time during a person's lifespan and includes disorders of mood, thought, and/or behavior. The symptoms related to mental illness among people with ID in the United States is estimated at four to five times greater than that diagnosed in the general population (Borthwick-Duffy, 1994;Holden & Gitleson, 2003). However, analyzing mental health and problem behavior is a complex task, mainly due to the tautological tensions inherent in research on the etiological and environmental factors contributing to each.…”

Problem behaviours and symptom dimensions of psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual disabilities: An exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis

“…It has been suggested that problem behaviours are behavioural equivalents of depressive symptoms in adults with intellectual disabilities and should be included in diagnostic criteria (Smiley & Cooper, 2003). However, findings have been equivocal on whether problem behaviours should (Charlot et al,1993;Felce et al, 2009;Hurley, 2008;Kishore et al, 2005;Marston et al, 1997;Moss et al, 2000) or should not (Holden & Gitlesen, 2003;Sturmey et al, 2010;Tsiouris et al, 2003;Tsiouris et al, 2011) be considered as depressive equivalents. This creates uncertainty that is reflected in the classification systems, for example problem behaviours are included as symptoms of depression in the DC-LD (Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2001) but not in the DM-ID (Fletcher et al, 2007).…”

“…The majority of studies that have considered problem behaviours as equivalents of symptoms of psychiatric disorders have used a methodology that predefined groups of participants based on whether they met diagnostic criteria for depression that do not include problem behaviours (Charlot et al, 1993;Felce et al, 2009;Holden & Gitlesen, 2003;Hurley, 2008;Kishore et al, 2005;Marston et al, 1997;Moss et al, 2000;Tsiouris et al, 2011). This methodology has limited validity (Ross & Oliver, 2002) because the comparison groups are predefined using diagnostic criteria for depression that do not include problem behaviours.…”

“…Although this statistical modelling approach using factor analysis improves on the tautological problems in the studies using a two group, depression/non-depression method (Charlot et al, 1993;Felce et al, 2009;Holden & Gitlesen, 2003;Hurley, 2008;Kishore et al, 2005;Marston et al, 1997;Moss et al, 2000;Tsiouris et al, 2011) both studies used Pearson correlations for the initial matrix, and principal components analysis, which are unsuited to the analysis of categorical data (Norris & Lecavalier, 2010) and have shown to produce unstable solutions in Monte Carlo simulation studies (Snook & Gorusch, 1989). Other limitations of these studies were the small sample size (n=92) in one of the studies (Tsiouris et al, 2003) and neither study validated the EFA findings, for example using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).…”