Prevalence of radiographic detectable intervertebral disc calcifications in Dachshunds surgically treated for disc extrusion

Rohdin, Cecilia; Jeserevic, Janis; Viitmaa, Ranno; Cizinauskas, Sigitas

doi:10.1186/1751-0147-52-24

Cited by 34 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The sensitivity was 60% and specificity 100% for radiography when histopathology was used as the gold standard [28]. Moderate sensitivity of radiography could be considered as a weakness of screening programs, but as it is shown here and in a previous studies [5,29], the number of radiographically visible IDCs is clearly associated with IDD. This indicates that radiography is an adequate modality for screening purposes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…However, in a recent study on Danish Dachshunds it has been shown that breeding value based on IDC indicates the risk of offspring’s IDD [7]. CT has been suggested as a screening tool since it is more sensitive than radiography in detecting small calcifications [29]. The most sensitive method for detecting intervertebral disc degeneration is MRI, which also allows degeneration of the disc without mineralization to be seen [30-32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds radiographically screened for intervertebral disc calcifications

Lappalainen

Vaittinen

Junnila³

et al. 2014

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundIntervertebral disc disease (IDD) is a very common neurological disease, Dachshunds being the breed most often affected. In this breed, IDD has a hereditary background and is associated with intervertebral disc calcification (IDC), an indicator of severe intervertebral disc degeneration. In Finland, spinal radiography is used, when screening for IDC before breeding Dachshunds. We evaluated the association between IDC and IDD in Finnish Dachshunds radiographically screened for IDC.A questionnaire was sent to owners of 193 radiographically screened Dachshunds aged at least ten years. Clinical signs indicative of IDD were compared with IDC grade (grade 0 = no calcifications, grade 1 = 1 – 2 calcifications, grade 2 = 3 – 4 calcifications and grade 3 = 5 or more calcifications) and with age at the time of the radiographic examination. The diagnosis of IDD was confirmed by a veterinarian.ResultsIDD was common in the study population with 31% of dogs being affected. IDD and IDC were clearly connected (P < 0.001); IDD was rare in dogs with no calcifications (grade 0) and common in dogs with severe IDC (grade 3). The IDC grade was strongly positively associated with frequency of back pain periods (P < 0.001), and dogs with IDC grade 3 had frequent periods of pain. Reluctance to jump onto a sofa had a strong positive association with back pain. No association existed between age of the dog at the time of the radiographic examination and clinical signs indicative of IDD.ConclusionsRadiographically detected IDC and IDD are common in Finnish Dachshunds and are strongly associated with one another. Spinal radiography is an appropriate screening tool for breeders attempting to diminish IDC and IDD in Dachshunds. A breeding program that screens dogs and selects against IDC can be expected to reduce the occurrence of IDD in future. Twenty-four to 48 months of age is a suitable age for screening.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13028-014-0089-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds radiographically screened for intervertebral disc calcifications

Lappalainen

Vaittinen

Junnila³

et al. 2014

Acta Vet Scand

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“…2,20,21 The IVDSs between T9 and L2 were affected in 67 of 81 (83%) of Dachshunds, whereas this region was affected by IVDE in only 36 of 81 (44%) English Cocker Spaniels. Although thoracolumbar IVDSs were still most often affected, caudal lumbar IVDE was significantly more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds (21/81 [26%] vs 1/81 [1%]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical characterization of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels

Cardy¹,

Tzounos²,

Volk³

et al. 2016

javma

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OBJECTIVE To assess the anatomic distribution of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions (IVDEs) in English Cocker Spaniels as compared with findings in Dachshunds and to characterize clinical findings in English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar or lumbar IVDEs affecting various regions of the vertebral column. DESIGN Retrospective observational study. ANIMALS 81 English Cocker Spaniels and 81 Dachshunds with IVDEs. PROCEDURES Signalment, clinical signs, neurologic examination findings, and affected intervertebral disk spaces (IVDSs) were recorded for both breeds. Management methods and outcomes were recorded for English Cocker Spaniels. Lesions were categorized as thoracolumbar (IVDSs T9–10 through L1–2), midlumbar (L2–3 through L4–5), or caudal lumbar (L5–6 through L7–S1). RESULTS Midlumbar and caudal lumbar IVDEs were significantly more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDEs had a longer median duration of clinical signs before evaluation and more commonly had unilateral pelvic limb lameness or spinal hyperesthesia as the predominant clinical sign than did those with IVDEs at other sites. Those with caudal lumbar IVDEs less commonly had neurologic deficits and had a higher median neurologic grade (indicating lesser severity), shorter mean postoperative hospitalization time, and faster mean time to ambulation after surgery than those with other sites affected. These variables did not differ between English Cocker Spaniels with thoracolumbar and midlumbar IVDEs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Caudal and midlumbar IVDEs were more common in English Cocker Spaniels than in Dachshunds. English Cocker Spaniels with caudal lumbar IVDE had clinical signs and posttreatment responses that differed from those in dogs with midlumbar or thoracolumbar IVDE.

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“…This could be achieved through breeding towards more moderate, lower-risk morphologies to bring about reduced prevalences of IVDE over time. At least three approaches could be used towards this aim: (1) only those dogs with more moderate morphologies could be selected for breeding, (2) screening could be used to help select only those more extreme dogs that have no sign of associated disc pathology [15], [36], [37] or genetic disposition [38] for breeding (if such tests are developed), and/or (3) for breeds lacking more moderate morphological variation judicious out-crossing may be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Long and Low Can You Go? Effect of Conformation on the Risk of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Domestic Dogs

et al. 2013

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Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is a common neurological disorder in certain dog breeds, resulting in spinal cord compression and injury that can cause pain and neurological deficits. Most disc extrusions are reported in chondrodystrophic breeds (e.g. Dachshunds, Basset Hounds, Pekingese), where selection for ‘long and low’ morphologies is linked with intervertebral discs abnormalities that predispose dogs to IVDE. The aim of this study was to quantify the relationship between relative thoracolumbar vertebral column length and IVDE risk in diverse breeds. A 14 month cross-sectional study of dogs entering a UK small animal referral hospital for diverse disorders including IVDE was carried out. Dogs were measured on breed-defining morphometrics, including back length (BL) and height at the withers (HW). Of 700 dogs recruited from this referral population, measured and clinically examined, 79 were diagnosed with thoracolumbar IVDE following diagnostic imaging ± surgery. The BL:HW ratio was positively associated with IVDE risk, indicating that relatively longer dogs were at increased risk, e.g. the probability of IVDE was 0.30 for Miniature Dachshunds when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.1, compared to 0.68 when BL:HW ratio equalled 1.5. Additionally, both being overweight and skeletally smaller significantly increased IVDE risk. Therefore, selection for longer backs and miniaturisation should be discouraged in high-risk breeds to reduce IVDE risk. In higher risk individuals, maintaining a lean body shape is particularly important to reduce the risk of IVDE. Results are reported as probabilities to aid decision-making regarding breed standards and screening programmes reflecting the degree of risk acceptable to stakeholders.

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Prevalence of radiographic detectable intervertebral disc calcifications in Dachshunds surgically treated for disc extrusion

Cited by 34 publications

References 22 publications

Intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds radiographically screened for intervertebral disc calcifications

Intervertebral disc disease in Dachshunds radiographically screened for intervertebral disc calcifications

Clinical characterization of thoracolumbar and lumbar intervertebral disk extrusions in English Cocker Spaniels

How Long and Low Can You Go? Effect of Conformation on the Risk of Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Extrusion in Domestic Dogs

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