Prevalence of recessive infection of pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease in healthy people in China

Abstract

Background: To analyze the prevalence of latent infection of pathogens of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in Chinese healthy population and its influencing factors, so as to provide reference for the prevention and control of HFMD. Methods: A systematic literature searching about the incidence of latent infection of HFMD was conducted in Chinese and English databases. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the retrieved literature were established. The qualified literatures were screened and the data were extracted. The pooled rate and its 95% confidence interval was used to assess the latent infection rate of HFMD pathogens in healthy Chinese population, and subgroup analysis was conducted based on gender and age. All statistical analyses were performed using the STATA version 12.0 software. Results: A total of 31 literatures were included in this meta-analysis. The recessive infection rate of HFMD pathogens reported in the literature of Chinese healthy people ranged from 4.59% to 44.12%. The results of meta-analysis showed that the latent infection rate of human enteroviruses (HEVs) in healthy Chinese population was 17.5% (14.9–20.1%), among which, the latent infection rates of EV-A71, CV-A16, and other HEVs were 3.3% (2.2–4.4%), 1.7% (1.0–2.5%), and 15.1% (11.1–17.1%), respectively. The latent infection rates of HEVs in healthy men and women in China were 16.7% (12.9–20.4%) and 14.4% (10.8–18.0%), respectively. The latent infection rates of HEVs in the healthy population aged 0 to 5 years and over 5 years were 24.4% (20.4–28.5%) and 9.4% (6.5–12.2%), respectively. Meta regression showed that the factors affecting the latent infection rate of HEVs in Chinese healthy population included sampling period, sampling area, and study population. Conclusion: The latent infection rate of HEVs is high in healthy people in China, but it is mainly caused by other enteroviruses. The latent infection rate of HEVs in male was higher than that of female and was greater in people aged 0 to 5 than that of aged over 5 years. Limited by the quantity and quality of the included studies, more high-quality studies are needed for further verification in the future.

Spatial–temporal-demographic and virological changes of hand, foot and mouth disease incidence after vaccination in a vulnerable region of China

“…Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a virological infectious disease spread by human enterovirus, which is transmitted via close contact, faces and fomites [ 1 ]. The patients are usually children under 5 years of age [ 2 ], and usually present to healthcare facilities with fever, sore throat, and vesicular eruptions on their hands, feet, oral mucosa [ 3 ]. Severe cases are often accompanied by central nervous system symptoms or even severe respiratory symptoms [ 4 ], which could cause death.…”

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Overview in Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Using Real-World Evidence Based on Hospital Information System

“…The etiology of HFMD was enterovirus infection, primarily caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) [ 19 ]. It was reported that the latent infectious rate of enterovirus in healthy males in China was higher than in females [ 20 ]. Boys under high temperatures were at a higher risk of HFMD on lag 0 days in the distributed lag nonlinear model, while girls had an increasingly cumulative risk of HFMD with increased lag days [ 21 ].…”

Mild infection induced by low-dose LPS does not impair follicular development and is beneficial to pregnancy in mice

“…However, although it is well known that inflammation triggered by LPS or bacterial infection contributes to reproductive disorders in mammals, we still know very little about the effect of the immune response on ovarian and uterine function, especially in mild infection. Mild infection refers to the condition in which the pathogen invading the body has weak virulence or the body possesses strong immunity (10,11), so that an immune response is triggered, but the body shows no severe clinical symptoms (12). Therefore, in this study, we simulated mild infection with a low dose of LPS to determine its effects on follicular development, ovulation and uterine function.…”