Prevalence of Refractive Errors in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease Study

Pan, Chen-Wei; Zheng, Yingfeng; Anuar, Ainur Rahman; Chew, Merwyn; Gazzard, Gus; Aung, Tin; Cheng, Ching‐Yu; Wong, Tien Yin; Saw, Seang‐Mei

doi:10.1167/iovs.13-11725

Cited by 152 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…3 The prevalence of myopia is rising dramatically, reaching 70-80% in many East Asian countries and B25-40% in Western countries; [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and high myopia (defined as greater than À 6.00D) ranges from 6.8 to 38% in Asia. 8,[12][13][14][15] In the United States, myopia has doubled in the last 30 years 6 and the prevalence of myopia over 8.00D has risen eightfold. In China where there are B216 million individuals in the age range of 15-24 years 16 and with a prevalence of myopia in young adults aged 15-25 years of over 75%, it is estimated that there are at least 160 million young myopes and 16 million with myopia over À 6.0D.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Myopia and High Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Holden

Sankaridurg

Smith

et al. 2013

Eye

213

153

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Myopia is the most frequent cause of distance impairment in the world and is creating an alarming global epidemic with deleterious ramifications for the quality of life and economic health of individuals and nations as a whole. In addition to being immediately disadvantageous, myopia increases the risk of serious disorders such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and cataract and is a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness across many countries. The reduction in age of onset of myopia is of great concern since the earlier the onset, the more myopic the individual will become, with all the attendant increased risks of accompanying debilitating eye conditions. The economic burden is great; both in consequences of uncorrected refractive error and also in the provision of devices for correcting visual acuity. Earlier onset of myopia increases the lifetime economic burden related to loss of productivity and independence, leading to a reduced quality of life. Recent data suggest addressing accommodation per se has little direct amelioration of myopia progression. Pharmacological interventions that effect changes in the sclera show promising efficacy, whereas optical interventions based on a myopic shift in the retinal image are proving to effect up to 55% reduction in the rate of progression of myopia. Early contact lens and spectacle interventions that reduce the rate of progression of myopia are able to significantly reduce the burden of myopia. These nonpharmacological interventions show profound promise in reducing the overall associated morbidity of myopia.

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Section: Prevalence Of Myopia and High Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Holden

Sankaridurg

Smith

et al. 2013

Eye

213

153

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“…1,2 Along with the increase in refractive error and axial length, highly myopic eyes frequently suffer from fundus vascular lesions such as macular hemorrhage and choroid neovascularization. 3,4 Previous studies have focused on the relationship between high myopia and large retinal vascular changes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retinal Microvasculature Alteration in High Myopia

Wang

Jiang

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

130

100

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PURPOSE. To investigate the retinal vascular network alterations in highly myopic eyes.METHODS. Thirty-three highly myopic eyes from 21 subjects and 47 mildly myopic or emmetropic eyes from 24 healthy control subjects were enrolled. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to image the superficial, deep, and whole retinal vascular plexuses at the macular region. Highly myopic eye images were analyzed after adjusting the ocular magnification using Bennett's formula. Fractal analysis (box counting method, D box ) representing vessel density was performed in different annular and quadrantile zones of both large vessels and microvessels. Correlations between the vascular density, axial length, and spherical equivalent refractive error were analyzed. RESULTS.The average density (D box ) of the superficial retinal annular zone (0.6-2.5 mm) microvessels was 1.741 6 0.018 in highly myopic eyes and was shown to be significantly lower than that of the controls (1.773 6 0.010, P < 0.001). Individual annular zone (bandwidth of 0.16 mm) analysis of highly myopic eyes revealed a significant level of microvessel alteration in all zones compared with the same zones in control eyes (P < 0.001). Furthermore, in the highly myopic group, the microvessel density was significantly correlated with axial length elongation in all three layers (r ¼ À0.38 to À0.48; P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONS. This study reveals retinal microvascular network alterations in highly myopic eyes, which correlates with axial length elongation. Fractal analysis of the microvasculature by OCTA images may help to characterize the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms involved in high myopia.

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“…[7][8][9][10] In East Asian populations, the prevalence of high myopia, parallel to the increase in the prevalence of myopia in general, has markedly increased in the last 50 years. [11][12][13][14] To cite an example, Morgan and colleagues 13 in their recent review article noted the trend that a higher frequency of myopia increases the prevalence of high myopia. It has remained unclear so far whether an increased prevalence of ''high myopia'' will eventually cause an increased prevalence of ''pathologic myopia (which is defined by the presence of its specific complications in the posterior fundus).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

Yokoi

Zhu

et al. 2017

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Prevalence of Refractive Errors in a Multiethnic Asian Population: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Disease Study

Cited by 152 publications

References 33 publications

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Myopia, an underrated global challenge to vision: where the current data takes us on myopia control

Retinal Microvasculature Alteration in High Myopia

Parapapillary Diffuse Choroidal Atrophy in Children Is Associated With Extreme Thinning of Parapapillary Choroid

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