Prevalence of reported peyote use 1985–2010 effects of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1994

Prue, Bob

doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.12083.x

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…After peyote use for ceremonial purposes was decriminalised in the USA in 1994, self-reported use increased among American Indians. 88 Three studies evaluated relationships between decriminalisation and drug-related criminal justice involvement in Mexico and the USA. One high-quality study found that decriminalisation positively influenced criminal justice involvement: in five US states, arrests for cannabis possession decreased among youth and adults.…”

Section: Impacts Of Decriminalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review

Scheim

Maghsoudi²,

Marshall

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo review the metrics and findings of studies evaluating effects of drug decriminalisation or legal regulation on drug availability, use or related health and social harms globally.DesignSystematic review with narrative synthesis.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and six additional databases for publications from 1 January 1970 through 4 October 2018.Inclusion criteriaPeer-reviewed articles or published abstracts in any language with quantitative data on drug availability, use or related health and social harms collected before and after implementation of de jure drug decriminalisation or legal regulation.Data extraction and synthesisTwo independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts and articles for inclusion. Extraction and quality appraisal (modified Downs and Black checklist) were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second, with discrepancies resolved by a third. We coded study-level outcome measures into metric groupings and categorised the estimated direction of association between the legal change and outcomes of interest.ResultsWe screened 4860 titles and 221 full-texts and included 114 articles. Most (n=104, 91.2%) were from the USA, evaluated cannabis reform (n=109, 95.6%) and focussed on legal regulation (n=96, 84.2%). 224 study outcome measures were categorised into 32 metrics, most commonly prevalence (39.5% of studies), frequency (14.0%) or perceived harmfulness (10.5%) of use of the decriminalised or regulated drug; or use of tobacco, alcohol or other drugs (12.3%). Across all substance use metrics, legal reform was most often not associated with changes in use.ConclusionsStudies evaluating drug decriminalisation and legal regulation are concentrated in the USA and on cannabis legalisation. Despite the range of outcomes potentially impacted by drug law reform, extant research is narrowly focussed, with a particular emphasis on the prevalence of use. Metrics in drug law reform evaluations require improved alignment with relevant health and social outcomes.

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Section: Impacts Of Decriminalisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review

Scheim

Maghsoudi²,

Marshall

et al. 2020

BMJ Open

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“…In this context, peyote is not viewed as a drug, but rather as medicine for healing. The 1994 amendment to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act legalized the use of peyote for this purpose (Prue, 2014).…”

Section: Native American Peyote Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of Recreational and Spiritual Peyote Use Among American Indian Youth

Prince

O’Donnell

Stanley

et al. 2019

J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs

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Some American Indians legally use hallucinogenic substances as part of religious and spiritual ceremonies. Research to date has either failed to differentiate spiritual versus recreational use or has categorized hallucinogen use in an "other drug" or "illegal drug" category. This approach could contribute to ineffectual models of prevention and treatment intervention and limit understanding of hallucinogen use in American Indian cultures. Method: This study is a secondary data analysis of an ongoing epidemiologic and etiologic investigation of substance use among American Indian youth (N = 3,861). Two Firth logistic regression models were run with (a) spiritual peyote use and (b) recreational peyote use as the dependent variables, and grade, sex, 30day alcohol use, 30-day marijuana use, religiosity, religious affiliation, and cultural identity as predictors, as well as a grade by sex interaction term. Results: Grade, sex, religious affiliation, and the interaction term did not predict either recreational or spiritual peyote use. Thirty-day alcohol and marijuana use predicted both spiritual and recreational peyote use, but the effects were stronger for predicting recreational use. Religiosity and cultural identity predicted spiritual but not recreational use, such that American Indian youth who identified as more religious and identified more strongly with their culture were more likely to report using peyote for spiritual purposes. Conclusions: Our results suggest that current self-reported use of alcohol and/or marijuana by American Indian youth indicates an increased likelihood of using peyote. In addition, use of Firth logistic regression models proved feasible for analyzing rare events like peyote use. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs,

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“…While significant changes in the peyote market supply have taken place in the last twenty years, the NAC of North America (NACNA) was already declaring a peyote supply "crisis" in 1995 (The New York Times 1995), a year when demand was estimated at between 5 and 10 million buttons (Anderson 1995). NACNA issued a statement reiterating these same concerns in 2012, concerns likely exacerbated by increases in NAC membership (Prue 2014), declaring that "the peyote that is available to the NAC is of a significantly diminished size, and at times there is no supply at all" (Arkinson 2012:2). Long-standing concern within the NAC, including planning efforts to maintain sufficient access to peyote through importation from Mexico or cultivation (Anderson 1995;Arkinson 2012;The New York Times 1995), suggest that demand has not diminished and supports the conclusion that the problem lies with overall supply.…”

Section: Peyote and The Peyote Tradementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, it has grown into the largest Pan-Indian religion in the United States. Estimates on NAC membership range from 250,000 to 400,000 (Long 2000), and up to 600,000 (Prue 2014). Determining actual NAC membership levels is difficult because the NAC is not a single organization but rather a broad set of loosely related churches.…”

Section: Nac Membersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Peyote as Commodity: An Examination of Market Actors and Access Mechanisms

Feeney¹

2017

Human Organization

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Access to the peyote cactus, a religious sacrament of the Native American Church (NAC), has been regulated by the federal government and the state of Texas since the 1960s. Over the last forty years, the number of licensed distributors has declined, a trend accompanied by rising prices and a diminishing market supply of the psychoactive cactus. Distributors are recognized as the primary NAC peyote source; consequently, their disappearance would be devastating for the 250,000-plus adherents of this distinctive indigenous tradition. Based on interviews with current and former peyote distributors, peyote pickers, landowners, and NAC members, a map of the various commodity chains that make up the peyote supply network is constructed. This research applies Access Mapping and Access Analysis of the supply network to identify the primary factors driving the decline of the regulated peyote trade. Focusing on the distributors' and NAC members' rights-based, structural, and relational access mechanisms, avenues for increasing access are identified, including amendment of distributor licensing fees.

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Prevalence of reported peyote use 1985–2010 effects of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1994

Abstract: Beyond describing peyote use rates and the effects of the AIRFA, this research adds to the body of evidence regarding the levels of under-reporting of illicit drugs.

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review

Impact evaluations of drug decriminalisation and legal regulation on drug use, health and social harms: a systematic review

Examination of Recreational and Spiritual Peyote Use Among American Indian Youth

Peyote as Commodity: An Examination of Market Actors and Access Mechanisms

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