Prevalence of Risk Factors of Urinary Tract Infections in Infants and Children in Arak, Iran: A Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common childhood infections. Urinary tract infections are divided into simple and complex types. If the bladder infection is not treated, it can cause secondary kidney infections, such as acute pyelonephritis, which can lead to kidney scar or permanent kidney damage. A significant percentage of patients of any age are re-infected after antimicrobial treatments during the first six months after the first period of UTI. Objectives: This research aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting UTI in infants and children hospitalized in Arak Amir Kabir Hospital in 2017-2018 to prevent UTI and its secondary complications. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the data collection tool was a validated questionnaire to gather the child's demographic characteristics, including age, sex, type of nutrition, circumcision, age of circumcision, as well as information about fetal birth weight, chronic maternal diseases such as diabetes and stress, and residence place. The content validation method was used to determine the validity of the checklist, and the test-retest was used for reliability. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 software. Results: Sixty four percent of children had the normal ultrasound, while 22% had hydronephrosis and nephrolithiasis on ultrasound. The average thickness and size of the right kidney were 71.75 and 9.11, and those of the left kidney were 9.11 and 9.50, respectively. The most common microorganism was Escherichia coli. Conclusions: Given the importance of prevention and timely diagnosis and treatment of UTI to prevent kidney injuries, it is necessary to find UTI risk factors as the first step to preventing children from secondary kidney injuries.

The outcome and complications of modern staged repair surgery in newborns with classic bladder exstrophy in different genders: A retrospective study

“…We cannot clearly find the etiology of the higher rate of UTI in females. However, in normal infants, the rate of UTI is notably higher in female patients (Renko et al, 2022; Shabani et al, 2023). In normal infants, this higher rate of UTI is due to the anatomical shape of female genitalia, and shorter urethra compared to males.…”