Prevalence of shisha smoking and risk factors among female adolescents in Iran

Abstract

Background: shisha smoking is on the increase in Iarn, but there are limited data on its use among adolescents. This research purpose is to the survey prevalence of shisha smoking and risk factors among female in Iran. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study . The study participants was 1302. The sampling was multistage random. 12 schools from three sectors of Kermanshah in the western city in Iran( 4 schools from each sector), were selected. Students were in grades 7 to 12. data were collected using questionnaire and analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and Logistic regression test by using SPSS 22 software. Results: The mean (SD) ages of the students and the ages when the participants started SS were 15.22 ± 1.85 and 13.64 (1.64) respectively. 32.4% of the participants ever having used a shisha and 20.4% mentioned they used shisha the last 30 days. Most of the subjects smoked shishas in friends’ houses (45.8%) and with their friends (47.4%). The significantly important factors that affect SS in these age groups were the father's and mother's occupation, family size, living with others, father's education, having a friend who smokes shishas, friends’ encouragement to smoke shisha, and being in a family that smoke shishas. Conclusions: shisha smoking has become a major concern in female . shisha prevention needs extensive studies. Investigation of shisha behavioral factors is essential in designing of educational interventions. Key words: Female, adolescents, student, shisha smoking .

Levels of selective oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes in blood of Hubble-Bubble smokers

“…Many cigarette smokers hope to benefit when they completely switch to HB, although there is not enough evidence to support the notion that HB smoking is an effective way of quitting cigarette smoking. The literature is full of studies showing that HBS is unsafe even among those who do not use another type of tobacco [6].…”

“…HB smoking has become common among men and women of all age groups from all social classes [2,5]. Several factors have contributed to its resurgence, including the common misbelief that HB smoking is less threatening than cigarette smoking since the smoke initially passes through water that removes harmful constituents; a lack of regulation and law in most countries; the influence of media and false advertising; sociocultural attitudes; and, personal and interpersonal influences which have made it more socially acceptable than smoking cigarettes, especially among women and young adults [6]. Moreover, the introduction of honeyed tobacco (mu'assel: 30% tobacco, 70% honey), with one or more fruit flavors providing mild smooth aromatic smoke [3,7], has also added to the increase in HB smoking.…”

Investigating the factors affecting hookah smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic: Application of Protection Motivation Theory

“…This is a cross-sectional study, and the study population consisted of the general population of Hamedan City. A sample size of 560 individuals was estimated using the prevalence of hookah use in studies 19,20 taking into account a confidence level of 95% and an accuracy of 3%. After determining the sample size, people were sampled conveniently and purposively by sending the link of the electronic questionnaire to the extensive virtual channels and networks in the city of Hamedan.…”