Prevalence of smoking and reasons for continuing to smoke: a population-based study

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of smoking and the reasons for continuing to smoke among adults in Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, population-based study including 1,054 individuals ≥ 40 years of age, residents of the city of Florianopolis, Brazil, of whom 183 were smokers. All of the smokers completed the University of São Paulo Reasons for Smoking Scale (USP-RSS). Depressive symptoms were evaluated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and spirometry was performed to screen for COPD. Results: Of the 183 smokers, 105 (57.4%) were female, 138 (75.4%) were White, and 125 (63.8%) were in a low economic class. The mean level of education among the smokers was 9.6 ± 6.1 years. The mean smoking history was 29 ± 15 pack-years, 59% of the men having a ≥ 30 pack-year smoking history. Approximately 20% of the smokers had COPD, and 29% had depressive symptoms, which were more common in the women. The USP-RSS scores were highest for the pleasure of smoking (PS), tension reduction (TR), and physical dependence (PD) domains (3.9 ± 1.1, 3.6 ± 1.2, and 3.5 ± 1.3, respectively). Scores for the PS, TR, and weight control (WC) domains were significantly higher in women. Smokers with a > 20 pack-year smoking history scored significantly higher on the PD, PS, automatism, and close association (CA) domains. Smoking history was associated with the PD, PS, TR, and CA domains. Depressive symptoms were associated with the PD, social smoking, and CA domains (p = 0.001; p = 0.01; p = 0.09, respectively). Female gender and a low level of education were associated with the PS domain (p = 0.04) and TR domain (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking in our sample was relatively high (17.4%). The USP-RSS domains PS, TR, and WC explain why individuals continue smoking, as do depressive symptoms.

Prevalence of Substance Use in University Students, Ethiopia

“…It is used in the form of smoke due to the pleasurable rewarding effect of its active constituent nicotine. 32 , 33 The global projected prevalence of current users of some form of tobacco among people aged 15 years and above is 22.8%. Ethiopia accounts for more than 2.6 million current tobacco smokers based on the population estimates published by the United Nations Population Division.…”

Association Between Self-Reported Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Serum Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Among Adults, Beijing

“…Smoking intensity could re ect short-term exposure levels and it was divided into three categories: current light smoker (< 70 cigarettes per week), moderate smoker (≥ 70 and < 140 cigarettes per week) and heavy smoker (≥ 140 cigarettes per week) 18 . Smoking burden which was a comprehensive indicator of smoking amount and duration, was divided into two categories according to the median level: lower burden (< 20 pack-years) and higher burden (≥ 20 pack-years) 19 . Pack-years of smoking was de ned as the product of the average number of packs of cigarette smoked per day multiplied by the average days of smoking in one year.…”

Factors Influencing the Consumer Psychology of Cigarette Smokers and Impact of Awareness on Cigarette Consumption - A Literature Review

“…A recent study was conducted by Rocha et al, (2019) prevalence of smoking and the reasons for continuing to smoke among adults in Brazil in 2019. They conducted a cross-sectional population-based study of the population.…”

“…A recent study conducted in Brazil by Rocha et al, (2019) to investigate the prevalence of smoking and the reasons for continuing to smoke among adults in Brazil revealed that racial and ethnic differences can have a significant influence on the prevalence, patterns, health implications and consequences of smoking. The followings are the predetermined reasons for smoking determined in this study; physical dependence, the pleasure of smoking, tension reduction, stimulus, automatism, handling, social smoking, weight control, and close association.…”