Prevalence of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) in Hepatitis B (HBV), and Hepatitis C (HCV) Liver Cirrhosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract

Background and Aim: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common infection in liver cirrhosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide detailed information on the prevalence of SBP among hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related liver cirrhosis globally. Methods: A systematic search for articles describing the prevalence of SBP in HBV and HCV-related cirrhosis was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Our search returned ten (10) eligible articles involving 1713 viral cirrhosis cases representing eight (8) countries. A meta-analysis was performed on our eligible studies using the random effect model. A protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022321790). Results: The pooled prevalence of SBP in HBV-associated cirrhosis had the highest estimate [8.0% (95% CI, 2.7–21.0%; I2 = 96.13%; p < 0.001)], followed by SBP in HCV-associated liver cirrhosis [4.0% (95% CI, 1.3%–11.5%; I2 = 88.99%; p < 0.001)]. China (61.8%, CI: 57.1–66.3%), the USA (50.0%, CI: 34.6–65.4%), and Holland (31.1%, CI: 21.6–42.5%) had the highest estimate for SBP in HBV associated liver cirrhosis, SBP in HCV associated liver cirrhosis and SBP in HBV + HCV associated liver cirrhosis respectively. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of SBP in viral hepatitis-associated liver cirrhosis with the year of sampling and method of SBP detection at P < 0.001. There was an increase in SBP incidence at the beginning of 2016 across the liver cirrhosis in this study. Conclusion: The findings of this review revealed a rise in the incidence of SBP in viral hepatitis over the last decade. The latter indicates a possible future rise in the global prevalence of SBP among HBV and HCV-related liver cirrhosis.

Prevalence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis B Population within Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 39,050 Participants

“…The likely cause of this is unknown, but it can be attributed to the growing interest in the HBV cohort, the high index of HBV mutations, and the likelihood that HBV will advance to liver cancer and cirrhosis. The latter is consistent with other people's reports [19,47,[83][84][85]. Each study design makes a significant contribu-tion to the overall prevalence while also providing unique viewpoints on the connection between HBV and HCC in the Southeast Asian context [86,87].…”

A Recent Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Genotypes and Subtypes in Asia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…This finding collaborates with an earlier report by Peter and Sofie (2005), who reported that genotype B+C is predominant in Asia [ 217 ]. The presence of viral hepatitis cirrhosis in Asian patients increases the propensity and generation of HBV recombinant [ 218 ]. Since several cases of recombinant genotypes have been reported across 27 Asian countries in this study ( Supplementary File S2 ), for optimal treatment outcomes, such infected patients will likely require more than the normal combinations of current HBV medications.…”

Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis Patients with Advanced Liver Disease

“…11 Our study revealed a high prevalence of Hepatitis C as an underlying etiology for chronic liver disease in SBP patients, which aligns with the global burden of Hepatitis C, particularly in regions like Asia. However, it's worth noting that a substantial proportion of patients had hepatocellular carcinoma, highlighting the frequent co-occurrence of these conditions and the increased risk they pose to patient mortality [16][17] .…”