Prevalence of squint in primary school children and its associated sociodemographic factors in Sakaka City, Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Alnuman, Rawand; Alhablani, Farah; Alruwaili, Elaf; Alruwaili, Ghadah; Alruwaili, Rawan; Alruwail, Rahaf; Zaky, Khaled abd Alsalam

doi:10.24911/ijmdc.51-1615415320

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This was a surprising observation as other studies, even assessing the same population, reported significant association. For example, age, gender, employment status, and educational achievement had a significant connection with the awareness of strabismus treatability [ 9 ], and the Ethiopian study reported such a relationship vs. each of gender, age, education, or occupation status [ 13 ]. However, the Nigerian population expressed no association between age and knowledge of strabismus, with more knowledge among females [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age, gender, employment status, and educational achievement were also found to be statistically significantly connected with the awareness of strabismus treatability. The majority of participants were aware of the risk factors and consequences of strabismus [ 9 ]. Another Saudi study revealed that half of the participants had a good awareness of many strabismus-related topics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Strabismus and Strabismus Treatment and Surgery in Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Alanazi,

Almulhim,

Alfaleh

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background: Strabismus is the misalignment of the visual axis of both eyes caused by abnormalities in binocular vision or anomalies of neuromuscular control of ocular motility. This study aimed to assess the community knowledge, attitude, and practices related to strabismus and strabismus treatment and surgery in the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia.Methods: This study utilized a quantitative cross-sectional design. The consented volunteering adult participants were randomly selected through sequential enrollment to the completion of the target sample size from five population groups constituting the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected through an online validated self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.Results: The study included 340 participants; 67.6% of them were females and 32.4% were males. Only 66.8% of participants correctly defined strabismus. Symptoms of strabismus were identified as double vision (58.5%), blurred vision (48.2%), headache (31.8%), eye fatigue (41.5%), and difficulty reading (47.1%). Regarding risk factors of strabismus, 48.5% reported family history, 39.4% reported uncorrected refractive errors, and 23.2% reported long screen time. Complications of untreated strabismus were reported as low self-confidence (39.1%), vision loss (27.6%), poor interpersonal relationships (25.9%), amblyopia (42.6%), and cosmetic stigma (14.1%). Only 45.6% of the participants agreed to marry someone with strabismus or allow their relatives to do so. The majority of participants (72.6%) would advise a strabismus patient to visit an ophthalmologist. Despite a higher knowledge regarding strabismus among females, younger agers, higher education, single persons, workers/students, and those inhabiting the capital city of the region, such association did not reach significance. Conclusion:The study shows a moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practices among the general population of Al-Jouf Saudis toward strabismus. There was no significant relationship between knowledge of strabismus and any of the demographic characteristics of the participants. This might prove detrimental to the early detection and treatment of strabismus to prevent its complications and improve its outcomes and the quality of patients' lives. Institution of correlation plans are mandated by the Ministry of Health and interested stakeholders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Strabismus and Strabismus Treatment and Surgery in Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Alanazi,

Almulhim,

Alfaleh

et al. 2023

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

Laughton,

Hagen,

Yang

et al. 2023

J Glob Health

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Background Strabismus is a misalignment of the visual axis that affects 2-3% of the population and can lead to loss of binocular vision. It is currently controversial whether there is a gender difference in the most common form of visual misalignment: horizontal strabismus. Some studies claimed that more females than males have an outward deviation (exotropia), while others concluded that there is no significant gender difference. No previous work has systematically explored gender differences in horizontal strabismus or has compared the results of population-based studies with those of clinic-based studies. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting the prevalence of horizontal strabismus. We included 73 population-based studies and compared their disclosed gender population with that in 141 comparable clinical-based studies. We analysed the data according to gender, strabismus type (esotropia, exotropia), and geographic region/ethnicity. Results Summary statistics showed a nearly identical prevalence of horizontal strabismus (2.558% for males, 2.582% for females), esotropia (1.386% males vs. 1.377% females), and of exotropia (1.035% males vs. 1.043% females). Meta-analysis results showed that these differences between males and females were not statistically significant (odds ratio (OR) = 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97-1.10), but that females were significantly more frequent (by 7.50%) in clinic-based studies than males, with 5.00% more females for esotropia, and 12.20% more females for exotropia when adjusted for the population’s sex ratio. The extent of the female gender bias differed between geographic regions/societies, with Asians having the lowest bias towards females and Latin American countries having the strongest bias. Conclusions Males and females have the same prevalence of horizontal strabismus, including exotropia. Females with strabismus seek health care or are brought to clinics significantly more often than males. This is an example of gender bias in health care in favour of females rather than males, apparently because parents – erroneously fearing only cosmetic consequences – are more concerned about strabismus in their daughters than their sons. Societal attitudes towards females, as well as economic factors (insurance status), appear to be relevant factors that determine the magnitude of the gender bias in horizontal strabismus.

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Prevalence of squint in primary school children and its associated sociodemographic factors in Sakaka City, Aljouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Cited by 2 publications

References 26 publications

Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Strabismus and Strabismus Treatment and Surgery in Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Strabismus and Strabismus Treatment and Surgery in Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia

Gender differences in horizontal strabismus: Systematic review and meta-analysis shows no difference in prevalence, but gender bias towards females in the clinic

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