Prevalence of statin intolerance: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Aims Statin intolerance (SI) represents a significant public health problem for which precise estimates of prevalence are needed. Statin intolerance remains an important clinical challenge, and it is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. This meta-analysis estimates the overall prevalence of SI, the prevalence according to different diagnostic criteria and in different disease settings, and identifies possible risk factors/conditions that might increase the risk of SI. Methods and results We searched several databases up to 31 May 2021, for studies that reported the prevalence of SI. The primary endpoint was overall prevalence and prevalence according to a range of diagnostic criteria [National Lipid Association (NLA), International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP), and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS)] and in different disease settings. The secondary endpoint was to identify possible risk factors for SI. A random-effects model was applied to estimate the overall pooled prevalence. A total of 176 studies [112 randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 64 cohort studies] with 4 143 517 patients were ultimately included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of SI was 9.1% (95% confidence interval 8.0–10%). The prevalence was similar when defined using NLA, ILEP, and EAS criteria [7.0% (6.0–8.0%), 6.7% (5.0–8.0%), 5.9% (4.0–7.0%), respectively]. The prevalence of SI in RCTs was significantly lower compared with cohort studies [4.9% (4.0–6.0%) vs. 17% (14–19%)]. The prevalence of SI in studies including both primary and secondary prevention patients was much higher than when primary or secondary prevention patients were analysed separately [18% (14–21%), 8.2% (6.0–10%), 9.1% (6.0–11%), respectively]. Statin lipid solubility did not affect the prevalence of SI [4.0% (2.0–5.0%) vs. 5.0% (4.0–6.0%)]. Age [odds ratio (OR) 1.33, P = 0.04], female gender (OR 1.47, P = 0.007), Asian and Black race (P < 0.05 for both), obesity (OR 1.30, P = 0.02), diabetes mellitus (OR 1.26, P = 0.02), hypothyroidism (OR 1.37, P = 0.01), chronic liver, and renal failure (P < 0.05 for both) were significantly associated with SI in the meta-regression model. Antiarrhythmic agents, calcium channel blockers, alcohol use, and increased statin dose were also associated with a higher risk of SI. Conclusion Based on the present analysis of >4 million patients, the prevalence of SI is low when diagnosed according to international definitions. These results support the concept that the prevalence of complete SI might often be overestimated and highlight the need for the careful assessment of patients with potential symptoms related to SI. Key question What is the overall prevalence of statin intolerance (SI) worldwide? What are the main risk factors of SI? Key finding The overall prevalence of SI is 9.1% and even lower using the international definitions: National Lipid Association, International Lipid Expert Panel, European Atherosclerosis Society (7.0, 6.7, 5.9%). Female gender, hypothyroidism, high statin dose, advanced age, antiarrhythmics, and obesity are the main factors that increase the risk of SI. Take-home message Clinicians should use these results to encourage adherence to statin therapy in the patients they treat.

Step‐by‐step diagnosis and management of the nocebo/drucebo effect in statin‐associated muscle symptoms patients: a position paper from the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP)

“… 15 A recent meta‐analysis by the Lipid and Blood Pressure Meta‐analysis collaboration (LBPMC) Group, and the International Lipid Expert Panel (ILEP) has demonstrated that intolerance occurs worldwide in between 5.9 and 7.0% (depending on the diagnostic criteria used) of statin‐treated patients worldwide. 16 It is therefore imperative that practitioners have clear guidance about how to manage muscle symptoms in individuals on statin therapy. The clear aim of the guidance should be to enable patient‐centred discussions about the benefits and risks of treatment to ensure that lipid‐lowering therapy (LLT) is not stopped inappropriately and that effective CV risk‐reduction strategies are made available for individuals who cannot tolerate statin therapy at the necessary intensity to ameliorate their CVD risk.…”

Trends in Ezetimibe Prescriptions as Monotherapy or Fixed-Dose Combination in Germany 2012–2021

“…Importantly, many patients struggle with statin-associated muscle symptoms. In a recent meta-analysis including more than 4 million patients, the overall prevalence of statin intolerance was 9.1% and might often be overestimated ( 18 ). N-of-1 trials such as the SAMSON study demonstrated that also in patients with a history of statin intolerance, effective statin therapy could be established in approximately 50% of patients with prior symptoms ( 19 ).…”

Post-discharge and long-term follow-up after an acute coronary syndrome: International Collaborative Group of CNCF position paper.

“…Based on the most recent data, the worldwide prevalence of statin intolerance is 9.1% [59][60][61][62][63][64]. Patients who report symptoms of statin intolerance should always be diagnosed based on the approved definitions [9] assessed using the statin associated muscle symptoms clinical index (SAMS-CI) [65].…”