Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study

Zhang, Xiu Juan; Lau, Yi Han; Wang, Yumeng; Kam, Ka Wai; Ip, Patrick; Yip, Wilson W K; Ko, Simon Tak Chuen; Young, Alvin L.; Tham, Clement C.; Pang, Chi Pui; Chen, Li Jia; Yam, Jason C.

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-93131-w

Cited by 31 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…[20][21][22] In a study of school-aged children in Hong Kong, children with mothers who gave birth at an advanced age were generally prone to higher risks of strabismus, although there was no classification of subtypes of strabismus. 23 Our data indicated a higher frequency of advanced maternal age at childbirth (>35 years) in the infantile esotropia group than the noninfantile esotropia group, but it was not statistically significant (P = .09), which may be due to the relatively small sample size. The associations with advanced age in pregnancy may reflect the well-known association with adverse pregnancy outcomes including miscarriage, low birth weight, preterm delivery, perinatal mortality, placenta previa, postpartum hemorrhage, and congenital malformations.…”

Section: Wwwoptvisscicomcontrasting

confidence: 75%

“…The risk of adverse infant outcomes increased with advanced parent age 20–22 . In a study of school-aged children in Hong Kong, children with mothers who gave birth at an advanced age were generally prone to higher risks of strabismus, although there was no classification of subtypes of strabismus 23 . Our data indicated a higher frequency of advanced maternal age at childbirth (>35 years) in the infantile esotropia group than the noninfantile esotropia group, but it was not statistically significant ( P = .09), which may be due to the relatively small sample size.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

et al. 2022

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SIGNIFICANCE:This study investigated the potential perinatal risk factors associated with infantile esotropia in a Chinese population, including advanced parental age at childbirth and mode of delivery. The findings may be significant in developing better intervention strategies for infantile esotropia.PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the associations between gestational age, birth weight, parental age at childbirth, mode of delivery, family history of strabismus, and infantile esotropia in the Chinese population.METHODS: Ninety-nine patients with infantile esotropia and 117 control subjects were enrolled between March 2018 and March 2021. Detailed questionnaires were administered to parents to collect relevant information. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify possible risk factors of infantile esotropia. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS:Infantile esotropia was associated with low birth weight (<2500 g; OR, 4.235; 95% CI, 1.460 to 12.287; P = .008) and emergency cesarean delivery (OR, 2.230; 95% CI, 1.127 to 4.413; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS:The findings suggest that low birth weight and emergency cesarean deliveries are risk factors for infantile esotropia, highlighting a need for collaborative care between obstetricians, pediatricians, and vision care providers.

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Section: Wwwoptvisscicomcontrasting

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

et al. 2022

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“…The prevalence of exotropia is approximately 1% in all children ( Govindan et al, 2005 ). There are several risk factors for the development of strabismus, including myopia ( Zhang et al, 2021 ), anisometropia ( Smith et al, 2017 ), and a family history of strabismus ( Taira et al, 2003 ). Stereopsis dysfunction is a core clinical symptom in patients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered Homotopic Connectivity in the Cerebellum Predicts Stereopsis Dysfunction in Patients With Comitant Exotropia

Chen

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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PurposeComitant exotropia (CE) is a common eye disorder characterized by impaired stereoscopic vision and eye deviation. Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated that patients with CE were accompanied by specific functional and structural abnormalities of the brain. However, the effect of impaired stereoscopic vision and eye deviation on interhemispheric homotopic connectivity remains unknown.MethodsA total of thirty-six patients with CE (25 males and 11 females) and 36 well-matched healthy controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging scanning. The voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) method was applied to assess the interhemispheric homotopic connectivity changes in patients with CE. Furthermore, the support vector machine method was applied to assess to differentiate patients with CE from healthy controls (HCs) with the VMHC maps as a feature.ResultsCompared with HCs, patients with CE showed significantly increased VMHC values in the bilateral cerebelum_ 8 and cerebelum_4_5. Moreover, we found that the VMHC maps showed an accuracy of 81.94% and an area under the curve of 0.87 for distinguishing the patients with CE from HCs.ConclusionOur study demonstrates that patients with CE showed interhemispheric homotopic connectivity changes in the cerebellum, which might reflect the neurological mechanisms of impaired stereoscopic vision and eye deviation in patients with CE.

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“…In addition, the higher prevalence of strabismus in female may be related to the higher prevalence of hyperopia in female [ 10 ]. However, some studies suggest that there is no gender difference in the prevalence of strabismus [ 11 , 12 ]. Gender differences may be due to other factors, such as age distribution, race, and genetic and environmental factors of the study population [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk factors of strabismus include premature birth, low birth weight, smoking during pregnancy, family history, etc. [ 12 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical expenditure for strabismus: a hospital-based retrospective survey

Yang

Min

Zeng

et al. 2022

Cost Eff Resour Alloc

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Background and aims The misconception of the purpose of strabismus treatment has, on the one hand, affected the motivation of strabismus patients to seek care and, on the other hand, has resulted in strabismus not being covered by health insurance, both of which interact to limit the motivation of strabismus patients and also impose a financial burden on strabismus patients. Previous studies on the cost of strabismus had only addressed the cost utility and functional and psychosocial benefits of strabismus surgery. The aim of this study was to estimate the direct medical expenditure incurred for strabismus surgery and analyze the trend for the period 2014–2019 using the data collected by local eye hospitals in northeast China. Methods This study was based on 6-year strabismus medical expenditure data collected from the eye hospital of the first affiliated hospital of Harbin medical university, covering 3596 strabismus patients who had strabismus surgery. All medical expenditure data were adjusted to 2014 using China’s annual consumer price index to remove the effects of inflation. Results The average direct medical expenditure for strabismus cares (in 2014) was 5309.6 CNY (US$870.4), and the annual growth rates from 2015 to 2019 (compared with the previous year) were 9.3, 7.7, 21.7, 14.5, and 4.3%, respectively. Surgical expenses accounted for the highest proportion (33.1%) of the total medical expenses followed by examinations expenses (19.7%) and medical consumables expenses (18.7%). The regression coefficient for general anaesthesia was 1804.5 and age was less than 0. Conclusion The average direct medical expenditure for strabismus increases year by year, and the growth rate is rapid. Anesthesia was the most important factor increasing medical cost, and age was negatively correlated with cost.

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Prevalence of strabismus and its risk factors among school aged children: The Hong Kong Children Eye Study

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

Association between Gestational Age, Birth Weight, Parental Age at Childbirth, Mode of Delivery, and Infantile Esotropia

Altered Homotopic Connectivity in the Cerebellum Predicts Stereopsis Dysfunction in Patients With Comitant Exotropia

Medical expenditure for strabismus: a hospital-based retrospective survey

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