Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome and its determinants among Nepalese adults: Findings from a nationally representative cross-sectional study

Abstract

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. This study is designed to assess the prevalence and determinants of MetS among Nepalese adults from a nationally representative study. This study is based on Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) Survey from Nepal. This survey was done among 4200 adults aged 15–69 years from 210 clusters selected proportionately across Nepal’s three ecological zones (Mountain, Hill and Terai). Subsequently, using systematic sampling, twenty households per cluster and one participant per household were selected. The overall prevalence of MetS is 15% and 16% according to Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria respectively. A triad of low HDL-C, abdominal obesity and high BP was the most prevalent (8.18%), followed by abdominal obesity, low HDL-C cholesterol and high triglycerides (8%). Less than two percent of participants had all the five components of the syndrome and 19% of participants had none. The prevalence steadily rose across the age group with adults aged 45–69 years having the highest prevalence (28–30%) and comparable prevalence across two definitions of MetS. A notably high burden for females, urban, hill or Terai resident were seen among other factors.

Cardiometabolic risk factors among patients with tuberculosis attending tuberculosis treatment centers in Nepal

“…The proportion of female patients with TB in this study who had higher risk of developing hypertension and diabetes resonates with the nationally representative survey where females were found to be the vulnerable population in developing cardio-metabolic diseases [33], and can be explained by the sociocultural entanglements of female's role in Nepalese society. Similar to other South Asian nations, females are often housebound, particularly those who are unemployed or are in poor-socio-economic status, and are found to have higher rates of obesity and cardio-metabolic risks than male counterparts [34][35][36].…”

Cardio-metabolic risk factors among patients with tuberculosis attending tuberculosis treatment centers in Nepal

“…The proportion of female patients with TB in this study who had higher risk of developing hypertension and diabetes resonates with the nationally representative survey where females were found to be the vulnerable population in developing cardio-metabolic diseases [33], and can be . These socio-culturally shaped behaviors contribute to higher prevalence of cardio-metabolic risks in females in Nepal.…”

Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Metabolic Syndrome Among a National Population Based Sample of 18-108 Year-olds in Iraq: Results of the 2015 Steps Survey

“…Sociodemographic factors associated with MetS may include, female sex [18,19,20,21],older age [18,19,12,13,21],higher education [19],lower education [13,15] [31,32],and former smoking [33] was associated with a higher risk of MetS. Regarding alcohol use, some studies found that mild to moderate alcohol use decreased and heavy alcohol increased the risk of MetS [34,35],while other studies showed a positive association between current alcohol use and MetS [16].The study using Iraq STEPS 2015 data aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of MetS among 18-108 year-old persons in Iraq.…”