Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: Prospective evidence from a birth cohort

McKinlay, Audrey; Grace, Randolph C.; Horwood, L. John; Fergusson, David M.; Ridder, Elizabeth M.; MacFarlane, Martin R.

doi:10.1080/02699050801888824

Cited by 337 publications

(259 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…TBI is the primary cause of mortality and disability in young adults living in China (18). In the present study, a CCI model of brain trauma was established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hsp70 inducer, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin, provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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Abstract. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the predominant cause of mortality in young adults and children living in China. TBI induces inflammatory responses; in addition, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 are important pro-inflammatory cytokines. Considering the observation that Hsp-70 overexpression can exert neuroprotection, identifying a drug that is able to induce the upregulation of Hsp70 has the potential to be a promising therapy for the treatment of neurological diseases. Thus, the present study assessed the clinical effectiveness of an anticancer drug and Hsp70 activator, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), to evaluate its potential as a treatment for patients with TBI. The aim of present study was to determine the neuroprotective effects of 17-AAG following trauma and to investigate the underlying mechanisms of action. To establish rat models, rats were subjected to a controlled cortical impact injury and randomly divided into vehicle or 17-AAG groups. In the 17-AAG group, rats were administered with an intraperitoneal injection of 17-AAG (80 mg/kg) immediately following the establishment of TBI. The motor function was measured using Neurologic Severity Score, and neuronal death was evaluated using immunofluorescence. The expression levels of GLT-1, Bcl-2 and Hsp-70 were detected by western blot analysis and the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were quantified using ELISA. The present study determined that 17-AAG significantly reduced brain edema and motor neurological deficits (P<0.05), in addition to increasing neuronal survival. The aforementioned findings are associated with a downregulation of the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Conversely, no significant changes of glutamate transporter-1 expression were observed. The present results suggest that 17-AAG treatment may provide a neuroprotective effect by reducing inflammation following TBI. IntroductionTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of mortality in young adults and children living in China (1). Head trauma has numerous consequences in the brain, including axonal damage, microvascular alterations and blood-brain barrier disruption (2). The aforementioned outcomes are a result of both primary and secondary mechanisms following injury (3). Primary damage is a result of mechanical factors occurring immediately following trauma. Conversely, the fundamental mechanisms underlying secondary damage in TBI include inflammation, oxygen free radicals, brain edema formation and neuronal apoptosis (4). In particular, previous studies have demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 are crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines following trauma (5-7). Although the potential effects of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in human patients with TBI have yet to be elucidated, evidence from animal models has revealed that upregulated expression levels of the aforementioned cytokines are harmful, whereas their attenuation may alleviate tissue ...

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“…TBI is the primary cause of mortality and disability in young adults living in China (18). In the present study, a CCI model of brain trauma was established.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hsp70 inducer, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin, provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2016

Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine

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“…[10,11] Young people are at particular risk of injury, with a peak in occurrence among those aged 15 to 24-years old. [12][13][14] TBI is, therefore, often a source of lifelong disability, [15] with resulting economic and social costs to the individual, family, and community. Individuals who have sustained TBI frequently experience changes in their physical, cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and/or psychosocial functioning, leading to longer-term disability.…”

Section: The Impact Of Tbi On Decision Makingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“I’ve never been a yes person”: Decision-making participation and self-conceptualization after severe traumatic brain injury

Knox

Douglas

Bigby

2016

Disability and Rehabilitation

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Purpose: Although adults who sustain a severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) require support to make decisions in their lives, little is known about their experience of this process. The aim of this study was to explore how participation in decision making contributes to self-conceptualization in adults with severe TBI. Method: We used constructivist grounded theory methods. Data included 20 in-depth interviews with adults with severe TBI. Through a process of constant comparison, analysis involved open and focused coding until clear categories emerged and data saturation was achieved. Results: Self-conceptualization emerged as a complex and multifaceted process, as individuals with TBI aimed to reestablish a sense of autonomy. We describe a recursive relationship in which decision-making participation assists the dynamic construction of self, and self-concept contributes to the experience of making decisions. The role of an individual's social support network in acting as a bridge between participation and self-conceptualization is presented. Conclusions: Findings emphasize that contributing to decisions about one's own goals across a range of life areas can reinforce a positive self-concept. It is vital that supporters understand that participation in decision making provides a pathway to conceptualizing self and aim to maximize the person's participation in the decision-making process. ä IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONPrevious research has identified that the experience of sustaining TBI has a significant impact on a person's conceptualization of self. This study identified that decision-making experiences play an important role in the ongoing process of self-conceptualization after injury. Decision-making experiences can reinforce a person's self-concept or lead them to revise (positively or negatively) their sense of self. By maximizing the person's decision-making participation, those around them can support them to develop positive self-attributes and contribute to shaping their future goals. ARTICLE HISTORY

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“…A critical review of the literature investigating adolescents' use of the Internet for sex education shows that between 20% and 75% of adolescents report engaging with sex information online, including HIV/AIDS/STIs, pregnancy/childbirth, sex acts/behaviour, contraception/protection, information about the body, relationships/social issues, and sexual identity/orientation (Simon & Daneback, 2013). Therefore, it is evident that the information available is so limited when some studies show an overall prevalence of child and adolescent TBI of approximately 30% (McKinlay et al, 2008). Behind this lack of information, there is a possible explanation about the paucity of research in this area with teenagers (das Nair, Talbot, Hughes, & Starza- Smith, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translating knowledge into practice: content analysis of online resources about sexual difficulties for individuals with traumatic brain injury

Moreno

Nair

2015

Sexual and Relationship Therapy

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Prevalence of traumatic brain injury among children, adolescents and young adults: Prospective evidence from a birth cohort

Abstract: The incidence rates reported here are much higher than those previously found. It is clear that TBIs constitute a major health issue and therefore it is important to have accurate information to enable planning for primary healthcare services and to inform prevention programmes.

Cited by 337 publications

References 13 publications

Hsp70 inducer, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin, provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

Hsp70 inducer, 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin, provides neuroprotection via anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of traumatic brain injury

“I’ve never been a yes person”: Decision-making participation and self-conceptualization after severe traumatic brain injury

Translating knowledge into practice: content analysis of online resources about sexual difficulties for individuals with traumatic brain injury

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