Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Children After Natural Disasters, Bohol, Philippines

Murray, Kristy O.; Castillo-Carandang, Nina T.; Mandalakas, Anna M.; Cruz, Andrea T.; Leining, Lauren M.; Gatchalian, Salvacion

doi:10.3201/eid2510.190619

Cited by 8 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The final 200 clusters that were selected represented 1,400 households from 14 municipalities in Bohol. 13 Children were excluded if either parental informed consent or child assent (if older than 7 years) was not obtained. Following consent and enrollment, each child and household were surveyed to identify individual and social risk factors for TB.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Baylor College of Medicine and the University of the Philippines Manila. 13 Data analysis. Tuberculosis infection was defined by the TST result and included 16 children who were found to have active TB disease.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These natural disasters devastated the island province, leading to 195 deaths and displacements of nearly a third of the population. 13 The parent study was a cross-sectional survey, using a randomized multistage cluster sampling technique. Power calculation determined that 4,200 children would need to be sampled.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a large, community-based childhood TB prevalence study in the island province of Bohol in the Philippines, a low–HIV-burden and high–TB-burden, post-disaster setting. 13 The primary objective of this study was to assess pediatric TBI risk factors, in both the general community and important epidemiologic subsets, to design and validate new pediatric TBI risk assessment tools. Improved understanding of how to identify children at highest risk of TBI will ultimately lead to better allocation of resources to diagnose and provide TPT to these children and ultimately reduce TB burden in the Philippines and other high-burden low- and middle-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Demographic, TB exposure, and social characteristics of study population and relationship to TB infection, Bohol, the Philippines13 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection in Bohol, the Philippines, a Low–HIV- and High–TB-Burden Setting

Gatchalian

Agathis

Castillo-Carandang

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Identifying children with, or at substantial risk of, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (TBI) and providing TB preventive therapy (TPT) represent an important, yet challenging, strategy in curbing the global burden of childhood TB. Risk assessment scoring tools, which quantify risks associated with unique factors characterizing an individual, could act as a surrogate measure of TBI risk and guide effective and efficient TPT delivery. We assessed important risk factors of childhood TBI and created risk assessment tools through secondary analysis of data from a large, community-based childhood TB prevalence study in the island province of Bohol in the Philippines, a low-HIV-and high-TB-burden, postdisaster setting. We identified four factors that were statistically associated with acquiring TBI-being 5 years or older, having a known TB contact, having a known TB contact who was either the mother or another primary caregiver, and living in a high-TB-burden municipality. We created 2-item, 4-item, and 9-item scores intended to identify child TBI in this lowresource, low-HIV-, and high-TB-burden setting. In addition to the design, evaluation, and impact analysis of these generalizable and valuable risk assessment tools, our study findings emphasize the necessity of targeting both household and community-associated transmissions of childhood TBI to achieve the global goal to end TB.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Demographic, TB exposure, and social characteristics of study population and relationship to TB infection, Bohol, the Philippines13 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection in Bohol, the Philippines, a Low–HIV- and High–TB-Burden Setting

Gatchalian

Agathis

Castillo-Carandang

et al. 2020

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children

Vonasek

Ness

Takwoingi

et al. 2021

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background Globally, children under 15 years represent approximately 12% of new tuberculosis cases, but 16% of the estimated 1.4 million deaths. This higher share of mortality highlights the urgent need to develop strategies to improve case detection in this age group and identify children without tuberculosis disease who should be considered for tuberculosis preventive treatment. One such strategy is systematic screening for tuberculosis in high‐risk groups. Objectives To estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the presence of one or more tuberculosis symptoms, or symptom combinations; chest radiography (CXR); Xpert MTB/RIF; Xpert Ultra; and combinations of these as screening tests for detecting active pulmonary childhood tuberculosis in the following groups. – Tuberculosis contacts, including household contacts, school contacts, and other close contacts of a person with infectious tuberculosis. – Children living with HIV. – Children with pneumonia. – Other risk groups (e.g. children with a history of previous tuberculosis, malnourished children). – Children in the general population in high tuberculosis burden settings. Search methods We searched six databases, including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, and Embase, on 14 February 2020 without language restrictions and contacted researchers in the field. Selection criteria Cross‐sectional and cohort studies where at least 75% of children were aged under 15 years. Studies were eligible if conducted for screening rather than diagnosing tuberculosis. Reference standards were microbiological (MRS) and composite reference standard (CRS), which may incorporate symptoms and CXR. Data collection and analysis Two review authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using QUADAS‐2. We consolidated symptom screens across included studies into groups that used similar combinations of symptoms as follows: one or more of cough, fever, or poor weight gain and one or more of cough, fever, or decreased playfulness. For combination of symptoms, a positive screen was the presence of one or more than one symptom. We used a bivariate model to estimate pooled sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and performed analyses separately by reference standard. We assessed certainty of evidence using GRADE. Main results Nineteen studies assessed the following screens: one symptom (15 studies, 10,097 participants); combinations of symptoms (12 studies, 29,889 participants); CXR (10 studies, 7146 participants); and Xpert MTB/RIF (2 studies, 787 participants). Several studies assessed more than one screening test. No studies assessed Xpert Ultra. For 16 studies (84%), risk of bias for the reference standard domain was unclear owing to concern about incorporation bias...

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The impact of climate change on the risk factors for tuberculosis: A systematic review

Kharwadkar

Attanayake

Duncan

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

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Prevalence of Tuberculosis in Children After Natural Disasters, Bohol, Philippines

Cited by 8 publications

References 12 publications

Design and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection in Bohol, the Philippines, a Low–HIV- and High–TB-Burden Setting

Design and Evaluation of Risk Assessment Tools to Identify Pediatric Tuberculosis Infection in Bohol, the Philippines, a Low–HIV- and High–TB-Burden Setting

Screening tests for active pulmonary tuberculosis in children

The impact of climate change on the risk factors for tuberculosis: A systematic review

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