Prevalence of USA300 Colonization or Infection and Associated Variables During an Outbreak of Community‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in a Marginalized Urban Population

Gilbert, Mark; MacDonald, Judy; Louie, Marie; Gregson, Dan; Zhang, Kunyan; Elsayed, Sameer; Laupland, Kevin B.; Nielsen, Diane Corcoran; Wheeler, Virginia D.; Lye, Tara; Conly, John

doi:10.1155/2007/597123

Cited by 24 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Subsequently, most reports describing the MRSA strains that either colonized or caused invasive infections among individuals in the United States have used the USA nomenclature to report strain types (29,30,32). The MRSA strain type USA300, which initially was seen primarily as a cause of community-associated skin and soft tissue infections (18), has now been reported from invasive infections in the United States and in many countries around the world (2,19,23,29,31,40,43,46,50). Although PFGE typing continues to be of value for epidemiologic studies of MRSA strains (32), spa typing data, often reported in conjunction with SCCmec typing data, are used with increasing frequency around the world for MRSA strain identification (20,24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Nasal and Blood Culture Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in United States Hospitals

Tenover¹,

Tickler²,

Goering

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

105

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A total of 299 nares and 194 blood isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), each recovered from a unique patient, were collected from 23 U.S. hospitals from May 2009 to March 2010. All isolates underwent spa and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (SCCmec) typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing; a subset of 84 isolates was typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI. Seventy-six spa types were observed among the isolates. Overall, for nasal isolates, spa type t002-SCCmec type II (USA100) was the most common strain type (37% of isolates), while among blood isolates, spa type t008-SCCmec type IV (USA300) was the most common (39%). However, the proportion of all USA100 and USA300 isolates varied by United States census region. Nasal isolates were more resistant to tobramycin and clindamycin than blood isolates (55.9% and 48.8% of isolates versus 36.6% and 39.7%, respectively; for both, P < 0.05). The USA300 isolates were largely resistant to fluoroquinolones. High-level mupirocin resistance was low among all spa types (<5%). SCCmec types III and VIII, which are rare in the United States, were observed along with several unusual PFGE types, including CMRSA9, EMRSA15, and the PFGE profile associated with sequence type 239 (ST239) isolates. Typing data from this convenience sample suggest that in U.S. hospitalized patients, USA100 isolates of multiple spa types, while still common in the nares, have been replaced by USA300 isolates as the predominant MRSA strain type in positive blood cultures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Nasal and Blood Culture Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in United States Hospitals

Tenover¹,

Tickler²,

Goering

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

105

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“…Volatile materials were removed under a flow of N 2 (g). The resulting crude solid was resuspended in acetone to dissolve any residual dimethylalkylamine and vacuum filtered to yield the solid amphiphile product (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). Details for each product and analytical data are provided in Supporting information.…”

Section: Synthesis Of 1-10: General Protocol Amentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5] In addition, the production of novel antimicrobials continues to decrease, primarily due to low financial return. 5,6 This combination of circumstances has contributed to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant infections (ARIs), especially in the hospital setting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Colloidal and antibacterial properties of novel triple-headed, double-tailed amphiphiles: Exploring structure–activity relationships and synergistic mixtures

Marafino

Gallagher

Barragan

et al. 2015

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry

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Two novel series of tris-cationic, tripled-headed, double-tailed amphiphiles were synthesized and the effects of tail length and head group composition on the critical aggregation concentration (CAC), thermodynamic parameters, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against six bacterial strains were investigated. Synergistic antibacterial combinations of these amphiphiles were also identified. Amphiphiles in this study are composed of a benzene core with three benzylic ammonium bromide groups, two of which have alkyl chains, each 8-16 carbons in length. The third head group is a trimethylammonium or pyridinium. Log of critical aggregation concentration (log[CAC]) and heat of aggregation (ΔHagg) were both inversely proportional to the length of the linear hydrocarbon chains. Antibacterial activity increases with tail length until an optimal tail length of 12 carbons per chain, above which, activity decreased. The derivatives with two 12 carbon chains had the best antibacterial activity, killing all tested strains at concentrations of 1-2μM for Gram-positive and 4-16μM for Gram-negative bacteria. The identity of the third head group (trimethylammonium or pyridinium) had minimal effect on colloidal and antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of several binary combinations of amphiphiles from this study was higher than activity of individual amphiphiles, indicating that these combinations are synergistic. These amphiphiles show promise as novel antibacterial agents that could be used in a variety of applications.

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“…[8][9][10] Of particular concern in Canada are the outbreaks of C. difficile-associated disease with increased morbidity and mortality that have occurred in Quebec, 8,11 the emergence of community-acquired MRSA 9 and the increasing number of hospital-acquired MRSA infections. 12 In a study conducted in 11 emergency departments in the United States in August 2004, 78% of S. aureus skin and soft-tissue infections were due to community-acquired MRSA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hospital infection control strategies for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile

Johnston

Bryce²

2009

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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Prevalence of USA300 Colonization or Infection and Associated Variables During an Outbreak of Community‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Marginalized Urban Population

Abstract: Ongoing efforts to promote the appropriate treatment of skin infections in this population are warranted. The association of USA300 colonization or infection and drug use with sexual partners suggest a role for sexual transmission of the USA300 strain of MRSA.

Cited by 24 publications

References 32 publications

Characterization of Nasal and Blood Culture Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in United States Hospitals

Characterization of Nasal and Blood Culture Isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus from Patients in United States Hospitals

Colloidal and antibacterial properties of novel triple-headed, double-tailed amphiphiles: Exploring structure–activity relationships and synergistic mixtures

Hospital infection control strategies for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile

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