Prevalence of Very Low Numbers of Potential Pathogenic Isolates of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia intermedia in Traditional Fast Foods of India

Abstract

In this study, an incidence pattern of 1.7% for Yersinia enterocolitica and 2.5% for Y. intermedia were observed in an analysis of 120 diversified food samples collected from the local market of Mysore, Southern India. Two native isolates characterized as Y. enterocolitica belonged to biotype 1B and revealed the presence of major virulence related traits such as regulator of virulence, mucoid Yersinia factor regulator, attachment invasion locus, heat stable enterotoxin, Yersinia type II secretory system and phospholipase A in PCR. Force type neighborjoining phylograms generated for Y. enterocolitica based on PCR amplicons of rovA and ypl showed 100% homology with two to three strains of Y. enterocolitica and about 75% homology with several strains of Y. pestis.

Virulence-associated gene pattern of porcine and human Yersinia enterocolitica biotype 4 isolates

“…For virF, ail, inv, ymoA, ystA, ystB and myfA, the primers and cycling parameters described by Bhagat and Virdi (2007) were used. For rovA the protocols defined by Divya and Varadaraj (2011) and for yadA the protocols by Thoerner et al (2003) were used (Table 1). Two microliters of template was added to 28 µL of reaction mixture consisting of 1 X× PCR buffer (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia), 2.5 mM MgCl 2 (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia), 200 µM dNTPS (Roche, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), 0.25 µL FIREPol DNA polymerase (Solis BioDyne, Tartu, Estonia) and primers (Microsynth, Balgach, Switzerland) at a final concentration of 0.25 µM.…”

Growth kinetics of a native toxigenic isolate of Yersinia enterocolitica CFR 2301 under the influence of incubation temperature, pH, sodium chloride and sodium nitrite

“…Bacterial culture and inoculum preparation This included a native toxigenic food isolate of Y. enterocolitica CFR 2301 that harbored toxigenic traits of regulator of virulence, mucoid Yersinia factor regulator, attachment invasion locus, heat stable enterotoxin, Yersinia type II secretory system and phospholipase A (Divya and Varadaraj 2011). The culture was maintained at 6°C on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar slant in the Culture Collection Stock of this Department and propagated twice successively in BHI broth for 18 h at 30°C prior to use in experimental trials.…”

“…In an earlier study by the authors (Divya and Varadaraj 2011), it was established that Y. enterocolitica did occur in heat processed traditional food product of complex profile and this native isolate of Y. enterocolitca did harbor toxigenic traits. It is quite likely that the potential of such toxigenic culture to reach risk causing population levels under given time-temperature combinations would depend upon the lag phase duration and growth rate of the culture.…”

Behavioral Pattern of Native Food Isolates of <i>Yersinia</i> <i>enterocolitica</i> and <i>Yersinia</i> <i>intermedia</i> under Simulated Time-Temperature Combinations of the Food Chain

“…Considering the global increase in the consumption of bottled water, the present study attempted to assess the behavior of Y. enterocolitica occurring as a cross-contaminant during the usage of packaged drinking water and subsequent storage till the same gets completed or is disposed off. This is more significant as the isolate of Y. enterocolitica CFR 2301 had revealed the presence of major virulence related traits [22].…”

“…These included: 1) native food isolates of Y. enterocolitica CFR 2301 and Y. intermedia CFR 2303 obtained from Indian traditional fast foods and known to harbour toxigenic traits [22]; and 2) a reference culture of Y. enterocolitica MTCC 859 obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. The cultures were maintained at 6˚C on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar slants in the Culture Collection Stock of this Department and propagated twice successively in BHI broth for 20 h at 30˚C prior to use in the experimental trials.…”