Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency among Malnourished Children in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria

Adamu, Aliyu; Jiya, Nma; Ahmed, H; Ibitoye, Paul Kehinde; Ugege, M O; Sani, Usman Muhammad; Yusuf, T; Jiya, FB; Ko, Isezuo

doi:10.3923/pjn.2016.821.828

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Some 25% of infant, child and maternal mortality is attributed to vitamin A deficiency. 1 Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency among children aged under five children in Nigeria is between 5.3% and 29.5%, 2,3 depending on the region. Iron deficiency is the cause of prevalent nutritional anaemia (also known as iron deficiency anaemia) in Nigeria; 20-40% in adult females, 20-25% in children and 10% in adult males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria II: consumption pattern and potential contribution to micronutrient requirements

Ejoh

Wireko‐Manu

Page

et al. 2019

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria II: consumption pattern and potential contribution to micronutrient requirements

Ejoh

Wireko‐Manu

Page

et al. 2019

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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“…A previous study done in the hospital, repor ted oedematous severe malnutrition as the commonest. However, that study also included other degrees of wasting among malnourished patients (from mild to moderate); hence, and this probably reduced the proportion of severely wasted patients reported (13). Other hospital-based studies showed varying proportions of oedematous vs non-oedematous malnourished patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcome among Patients Managed for Severe Acute Malnutrition in a Tertiary Facility in Sokoto State

Ko¹,

Amodu-Sanni²,

Adamu³

et al. 2021

ABMS

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Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) affects more than 20 million children worldwide, and it is highly prevalent in the African region where health systems are also coping with other highly prevalent infectious and non-infectious diseases. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends more research in facilities on treatment outcomes in relation to risk factors and standards of follow up care. This study evaluated the clinical profile at presentation and outcome of treatment of SAM among patients admitted into a tertiary hospital in Sokoto Methods: A retrospective review of records of children aged six months to 5 years who were admitted for SAM over a two-year period. A proforma was used to collect the information on their socio-demographics, type of malnutrition, anthropometric characteristics, packed cell volume, complications, therapy received and outcome. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 25. Results: Out of the 1862 patients admitted during the period, 159 (8.5%) had SAM, and of these, 107 records were available. Most cases were admitted in the rainy months of July to September. The male to female ratio was 1.43:1. The mean age was 21.0 ± 8.6 months. There were 66 (61.7%) cases of non-oedematous SAM and 41 (38.3%) cases of oedematous SAM. Oedematous SAM had lower pack cell volume and higher occipitofrontal circumference than non-oedematous SAM (p=0.03). Nutritional rehabilitation diet given included WHO formula milk and the hospital prepared nutrient kwash pap. Mean weight gain was 14g/kg/day, mortality was 45.8%, recovery rate 17%, and a large proportion 70.6% did not attend follow up. Weight was the only anthropometry documented subsequently till discharge. Conclusions: There was high mortality and poor follow up among the SAM patients. The managing team needs to improve refeeding practices with uniform diet, monitor all anthropometric indicators of recovery and ensure follow up of these patients in the community by appropriate referral.

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Overnutrition is a risk factor for iron deficiency in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of micronutrient deficiencies and the double burden of malnutrition

Tan,

Gong

et al. 2024

Preprint

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IntroductionTraditionally associated with undernutrition, increasing evidence suggests micronutrient deficiencies can co-exist with overnutrition. Therefore, this work aimed to systematically review the associations between iron, zinc and vitamin A status and weight status (both under- and overweight) in children and young people.MethodsOvid Medline, Ovid Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for observational studies assessing micronutrient status (blood, serum, or plasma levels of iron, zinc, or vitamin A biomarkers) and weight status (body mass index or other anthropometric measurement) in humans under 25 years of any ethnicity and gender. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using the American Dietetic Association Quality Criteria Checklist. Where possible, random effects restricted maximum likelihood (REML) meta-analyses were performed. PROSPERO (CRD42020221523).ResultsAfter screening, 83 observational studies involving 190,443 participants from 44 countries were identified, with many studies having reported on more than one micronutrient and/or weight status indicator. Iron was the most investigated micronutrient, with 46, 28, and 27 studies reporting data for iron, zinc, and vitamin A status, respectively. Synthesizing 16 records of odds ratio (OR) from 7 eligible studies, overnutrition (overweight and obesity) increased odds of iron deficiency (OR [95%CI]: 1.51 [1.20, 1.82], p<0.0001, I2=40.7%). Odds appeared to be higher for children living with obesity (1.88 [1.33, 2.43], p<0.0001 I2=20.6%) in comparison to those with overweight (1.31 [0.98, 1.64], p<0.0001 I2=40.5%), although between group differences were not significant (p=0.08).ConclusionsOvernutrition is associated with increased risk of iron deficiency, but not zinc or vitamin A deficiencies, with an inverted U-shaped relationship observed between iron status and bodyweight. Our results highlight significant heterogeneity in the reporting of micronutrient biomarkers and how deficiencies were defined. Inflammation status was rarely adequately accounted for, and the burden of iron deficiency may well be under-recognised, particularly in children and young people living with overnutrition.Key questionsWhat is already known on this topic-summarise the state of scientific knowledge on this subject before you did your study and why this study needed to be doneLow-and middle-income countries are increasingly facing a double burden of malnutrition; that is, the coexistence of undernutrition (stunting, wasting, underweight) with overnutrition (overweight and obesity).While the relationship between undernutrition and critical micronutrients for childhood growth and development (e.g., iron, zinc, and vitamin A) is well established, less is known about the risk of micronutrient deficiencies in children and adolescents with overweight or obese, a hidden form of malnutrition.There are limited data summarising associations between biomarkers of the most commonly limiting micronutrients and body weight status, particularly in children and young people.What this study adds-summarise what we now know as a result of this study that we did not know beforeOvernutrition increases the risk of iron deficiency, but not zinc or vitamin A deficiencies.There is an inverted U-shaped relationship observed between iron status and bodyweight in children and young people, with iron deficiencies observed more frequent in both under- and overnutrition.Studies done to date have been heterogeneous in terms of populations studied, diagnostic criteria, and approaches to data analysis; few followed current guidelines for measuring inflammation and defining micronutrient deficiencies.How this study might affect research, practice or policy-summarise the implications of this studyIncreased recognition by healthcare practitioners that children and young people living with overweight, or obesity are likely to be iron deficient; thereby improving clinical practice and care.The gaps in evidence highlighted are addressed, with more research from currently underrepresented counties examining micronutrient deficiencies and the double burden of malnutrition.The weaknesses in study design and reporting highlighted are addressed, with improved quality and reporting of micronutrient assessment in children and young people.

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Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency among Malnourished Children in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Northwestern Nigeria

Cited by 4 publications

References 12 publications

Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria II: consumption pattern and potential contribution to micronutrient requirements

Traditional green leafy vegetables as underutilised sources of micronutrients in a rural farming community in south-west Nigeria II: consumption pattern and potential contribution to micronutrient requirements

Clinical Profile and Treatment Outcome among Patients Managed for Severe Acute Malnutrition in a Tertiary Facility in Sokoto State

Overnutrition is a risk factor for iron deficiency in children and young people: a systematic review and meta-analysis of micronutrient deficiencies and the double burden of malnutrition

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