Prevalence, pattern, and attitudes of smoking among libyan diabetic males: A clinic-based study

Abstract

Diabetes imposes high economic and social costs on countries at all income levels. The estimated number in 2013 of diabetic patients was 382 million and is expected to increase by 55% by 2035. [1] The burden of diabetes is mounted, by its complications. It is the leading cause of lower-limb amputation, renal failure, and blindness. The control of associated cardiovascular risk factors and modification of lifestyle habits constitute an integral part of diabetes management, to prevent complications. [2] Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor for premature mortality. It shortens the lifespan, on average, by 10 years, and cessation before the age of 40 years decreases that loss by about 90%. [3] The rate of death from any cause among current smokers is about three times as high as among persons who never smoked. [4] Even in patients without diabetes, urinary albumin, a marker of potential renal damage, and cardiovascular mortality increases in a dose-dependent manner with the number of cigarettes smoked per day. [5] In diabetic patients, smoking increases the risk of stroke by 30%, myocardial infarction 1.4 fold and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). [6,7] Data from Libya indicate a high prevalence of cigarette smoking among high-risk diabetic patients. A study evaluating the prevalence of risk factors in acute myocardial infarction patients admitted to the coronary care unit of Tripoli Medical Center (TMC), Libya has shown a high prevalence of current smokers 62.6%, and diabetes mellitus (DM) (42.9%), among admitted Libyan male patients. [8] In a systematic review of ten epidemiological studies, diabetic kidney disease was the leading cause of dialysis-treated (ESRD) among Libyans, the prevalence and incidence of diabetic kidney disease were 26.5% and 28.4%, respectively. [9] In a retrospective study of 5 years mortality among ESRD patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, diabetic nephropathy was the underlying cause in 27.4% of patients, with a mortality rate of 74.1%. The prevalence of cigarette smoking among diabetic patients was 23.3% and was associated with increased mortality risk. [10] Introduction: Smoking is a major avoidable cardiovascular risk factor and is a cause of premature death worldwide. Objectives: To study the prevalence, pattern, and awareness of health hazards of smoking among Libyan diabetic male patients in Tripoli Medical Center,

Profiles of diabetes care, control and complications in Benghazi, Libya 2020: A cross sectional study

“…However, this may be attributed to the fact that 48.3% had never checked their blood pressure. [4] This result was nearer to what was observed in Tripoli (20.8%); [11] and lower than what was by Buzaid and Nagem, [8] and Zantour (6) et al, [6] respectively. Dyslipidemia was found in 42.1%, and only a minority had never checked their lipid profile; this is aremarkable improvement form the 2002 study when 76% had never checked their lipid profile.…”

“…[4] Different educational levels were reported from Libya and other neighboring countries within the context of diabetes cohorts. For example, in Tripoli, 19.4% of patients had a university level, and 16.7% were illiterates; [11] while in Tunisia, 4% only had a university level and 39% were illiterates, [6] and in Sudan, 18.9% had a university level, and 29.2% were illiterates. [10] T2DM represents the majority in our study which was 97%; as compared to Roaeid and Kablan study, 87.2% were T2DM, [4] as well for Tunisia; T2DM represented 90%, while in Sudan 93.2% had T2DM, [10] there is recently diabetes speciality clinics and youth diabetic clinic at Benghazi medical center, where patients are followed by endocrinologests, so most of type one patients are following these clinics.…”

“…[4] Smoking habits does not seen to have changed; 25% of all male patients were active smokers, 16.7% were ex-smokers, and none of the females were smokers; compared to Roaeid and Kablan study. [4] Also a study in Tripoli, reported that 26.4% were active smokers, and 40.3% were ex-smokers, [11] and the result was <27.3% in BMC by Buzaid and Nagem. [8] Also our results are less than rates observed in Tunisia (39.6%).…”

Spatiotemporal Analysis and Risk Assessment Model Research of Diabetes among People over 45 Years Old in China

“…China has a large and rapidly growing elderly population. Studies have shown that diabetes may also lead to the occurrence of other diseases, such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Diabetes has become another serious health hazard, following cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and tumors.…”