Prevalence, Persistence, and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in a National Sample of Mothers of Toddlers

McLennan, John D.; Kotelchuck, Milton; Cho, Hyunsan

doi:10.1097/00004583-200111000-00012

Cited by 121 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Welch's t tests were used to compare maternal CES-D scores with the CES-D normative sample of 2,514 individuals (9.25 Ϯ 8.58) (17) and with data from 7,600 mothers assessed 17 months after childbirth as part of the 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) (10.3 Ϯ 10.1) (18). Comparison of the first and second interview CES-D scores was performed using a paired-samples t test.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants Identified as Genetically at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

et al. 2005

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OBJECTIVE -This study describes maternal depression associated with newborn genetic screening for type 1 diabetes after risk notification. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-Mothers of at-risk infants (n ϭ 192), identified through newborn genetic screening as part of the Prospective Assessment of Newborns for Diabetes Autoimmunity study, were administered a structured telephone interview assessing maternal depressive symptoms 1 and 3.5 months after risk notification. Statistical analyses were conducted to examine predictors and correlates of maternal depressive symptoms.RESULTS -For the total sample, maternal depressive symptoms in response to infant risk status were not elevated at 1 and 3.5 months after risk notification. However, at the first interview, mothers from ethnic minority backgrounds (P Ͻ 0.002), with limited education (P Ͻ 0.001), and with postpartum depression symptomatology (P Ͻ 0.001) reported significantly more depressive symptoms in response to risk notification (r 2 ϭ 0.354). At the second interview, postpartum depression symptomatology remained a powerful predictor of depressive symptoms in response to risk notification (P Ͻ 0.001). In addition, certain coping styles (wishful thinking, self-blame, and seeking social support) were associated with increased depressive symptoms. A history of major depression was a correlate of both postpartum depressive symptomatology (r ϭ 0.26) and maternal depressive response to risk notification (r ϭ 0.21).CONCLUSIONS -For the most part, mothers of infants genetically at risk for type 1 diabetes do not appear to evidence elevated depressive symptoms. This suggests that most mothers are resilient when notified of infant risk. However, certain maternal characteristics such as ethnic minority status, less than a high school education, postpartum depression symptomatology, a history of major depression, and certain coping strategies (wishful thinking, selfblame, and seeking social support) appear to be associated with a more difficult maternal response to the news of an infant's increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 28:1898 -1903, 2005P redictive genetic testing is now available for 1,000 diseases including type 1 diabetes (1). The goal of predictive genetic testing is either to provide early intervention, to delay disease onset, or to prevent a disease in at-risk individuals (2). However, our ability to prevent a disease lags behind our ability to identify those genetically at risk. Some argue that the "genetic window" has been opened without full consideration of the impact of disease risk identification in the absence of effective treatment or prevention (3,4). This current environment raises a need to fully elucidate the ways individuals and family members respond psychologically to the news of increased genetic risk for a disease that cannot be prevented (5-7).Advances in genetic research have identified the HLA region of chromosome 6 as controlling the immune response and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes (8,9). Newborn genetic screening progr...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants Identified as Genetically at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

et al. 2005

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“…Though not all studies find evidence of a racial disparity in postpartum depression (Wei, Greaver, Marson, Herndon, & Rogers, 2008), there is fairly consistent evidence that African American women face an increased risk of postpartum depression when compared to non-Hispanic White women (Howell, Mora, Horowitz, & Leventhal, 2005;McLennan, Kotelchuck, & Cho, 2001;Rich-Edwards et al, 2006). For example, in a nationally representative sample of 7,537 teen and adult mothers, McLennan and colleagues (2001) found that Black race was associated with greater maternal depressive symptom levels even after controlling for sociodemographic risk variables (McLennan et al, 2001). This suggests that there is something specific about race that is influencing depressive symptoms during the postpartum period among minority women.…”

Section: Racism and Depressive Symptoms After Childbirthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood Racism Experiences and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in African American Mothers

Heldreth

Guardino

Wong

et al. 2016

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

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CHILDHOOD RACISM EXPERIENCES 841In the present research, we examined the effects of childhood experiences of racism-both directly and vicariously experienced when directed at family members or close others-on postpartum depressive symptoms one month after the birth of a child. The sample included 1,349 African American women, who were predominantly low-income. Data were collected by an NIH network in five different regions of the United States using community-based participatory research methods. Participants completed interview measures of childhood experiences of racism, current everyday experiences of discrimination, and postpartum depressive symptoms at one month after birth. We also assessed adult everyday experiences of discrimination as a potential mediator of the association between childhood racism and depressive symptoms. Direct and vicarious childhood racism experiences were each independently associated with greater postpartum depressive symptoms. Furthermore, when adult everyday experiences of racism were included in the models, the effects of childhood racism were no longer significant, suggesting mediation. Consistent with this hypothesis, associations between both childhood direct and indirect racism experiences and postpartum depressive symptoms were partially mediated by the participant's everyday experiences of racism as an adult. Our findings suggest that childhood racism experiences, even those that are observed rather than directly experienced, may have implications for future mental health.

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“…Approximately 20% of mothers of infants smoke (Colman andJoyce, 2003, Winickoff et al, 2003), and 24% have significant depressive symptoms (McLennan et al, 2001). Low birth weight, sudden infant death, asthma, attentiondeficit/hyperactivity disorder, and otitis media in children are associated with maternal smoking (National Cancer Institute, 1999, Milberger et al, 1996, while behavior problems, language delay, and depression in children are associated with maternal depression (Downey and Coyne, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The co-occurrence of smoking and a major depressive episode among mothers 15 months after delivery

Whitaker

Orzol

Kahn

2007

Preventive Medicine

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Objective-To examine the association between maternal smoking 15 months after delivery and the occurrence of a major depressive episode in the prior 12 months.Methods-Data were obtained from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study. In 20 U.S. cities, 4,898 mothers were surveyed at delivery in the years 1998 to 2000. In a survey 15 months later, 4,353 (89%) of the mothers reported their smoking behavior and symptoms of a major depressive episode during the prior 12-months.Results-At the follow-up survey, 26.6% of mothers reported that they were current smokers and 13.6 % reported that they had symptoms of a major depressive episode during the prior 12 months. After adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, the prevalence (95% confidence interval) of a major depressive episode was higher among smokers than nonsmokers: 17.7% (15.7%, 19.8%) vs. 12.1% (10.9%, 13.3%). Smoking was also more common among mothers with a major depressive episode than in those without one: 34.0% (30.6%, 37.4%) vs. 25.5% (24.1%, 26.8%). Conclusion-Smokingand depression often co-occur among mothers with infants. This suggests that these conditions should not be diagnosed or treated in isolation from each other and that the care of mothers and children should be integrated.Precis-Among 4,353 mothers assessed 15 months after delivery, the prevalence of depression was 46% higher among smokers and the prevalence of smoking was 33% higher among those with depression.

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Prevalence, Persistence, and Correlates of Depressive Symptoms in a National Sample of Mothers of Toddlers

Cited by 121 publications

References 44 publications

Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants Identified as Genetically at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

Depressive Symptoms in Mothers of Infants Identified as Genetically at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

Childhood Racism Experiences and Postpartum Depressive Symptoms in African American Mothers

The co-occurrence of smoking and a major depressive episode among mothers 15 months after delivery

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