Prevalence, Severity of Anemia and Meal Skipping Behaviour among Undergraduate Students: A Cross Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting women and students in developing countries. Despite its prevalence, IDA often remains underdiagnosed and overlooked, especially in regions with limited resources. The World Health Organization identifies iron deficiency as one of the leading risk factors contributing to global mortality. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and severity of anemia and to assess dietary habits among undergraduate nursing students in a private sector institution in Pakistan, with a focus on understanding the gender differences in anemia prevalence. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 105 first- and second-year nursing students (47 females, 58 males) at a private nursing institution in Karachi, from August to December 2022. Data collection included demographic information, dietary habits, and a 3-milliliter venous blood sample for hematological analysis. Anemia was classified based on hemoglobin levels, with thresholds set at <12 g/dl for females and <13 g/dl for males. Results: The prevalence of anemia was found to be significantly higher in females (53.2%) compared to males (15.5%). Among the anemic participants, 55.8% had mild anemia, 41.2% moderate anemia, and 2.9% severe anemia. The severity of anemia was predominantly higher among females, with 29.8% experiencing moderate and 2.1% severe anemia. Additionally, 60.9% of the students reported skipping breakfast, with a higher tendency observed among anemic females (51.0%). Conclusion: The study highlights a considerable prevalence of anemia among female nursing students, with moderate anemia being more common. The association between anemia and dietary habits, particularly skipping breakfast, was evident. These findings underscore the need for targeted nutritional interventions and regular health monitoring in this demographic.