Prevalence, Symptoms and Duration of Post Acute Effects in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Children – a Nationwide Cohort Study

Borch, Luise; Holm, Mette; Knudsen, Maria; Ellermann-Eriksen, Svend; Hagstrøm, Søren

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-839948/v1

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Rao et al reported that LC could be diagnosed in 3.7% of cases (Rao et al, 2022). Finally, a prevalence of about 2 and 0.8% was calculated by Radtke et al (2021) and Borch et al (2022).…”

Section: Presently Available Information On Long Covid In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 97%

True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review

Esposito,

Deolmi,

Ramundo

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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Contrary to what is true for adults, little is known about pediatric long COVID (LC). Studies enrolling children are relatively few and extremely heterogeneous. This does not allow to draw definitive conclusions on the frequency and pathogenesis of pediatric LC and limits the development of appropriate and effective measures to contain the clinical, social and economic impact of this condition on the pediatric population. Depending on the methods used to collect and analyze data, studies have found that the incidence rate of pediatric LC may vary from about 25% to less than 5%. However, despite true prevalence of pediatric LC cannot be exactly defined, studies comparing children with previous COVID-19 and uninfected controls have shown that most of the clinical manifestations detected in infected children, mainly mood symptoms, mental health disorders and heart abnormalities could be diagnosed with similar frequency and severity in uninfected subjects also. This seems to indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is the cause of pediatric LC only in a part of children and other factors play a relevant role in this regard. Pandemic itself with the persistent disruption of child lives may have caused persistent stress in all the pediatric population causing mood symptoms, mental health disorders or several organ and body system functional alterations, regardless SARS-CoV-2 infection. These suppositions suggest the need for long-term physical control of all the children after COVID-19 especially when they were already suffering from an underlying disease or have had a severe disease. Moreover, attention should be paid to the assessment of change in children’s emotional and behavioral functioning in order to assure adequate interventions for the best emotional and behavioral well being. However, whatever its origin, it seems highly likely that the prevalence of the pediatric LC is set to decline in the future. Preliminary observations seem to suggest that recently developed SARS-CoV-2 variants are associated with less severe COVID-19. This suggests that, as already seen in adults, a lower number of pediatric virus-associated LC cases should occur. Furthermore, the use of COVID-19 vaccines, reducing incidence and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection, may reduce risk of LC development. Finally, elimination of restrictive measures should significantly reduce mood symptoms and mental health disorders.

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“…Rao et al reported that LC could be diagnosed in 3.7% of cases (Rao et al, 2022). Finally, a prevalence of about 2 and 0.8% was calculated by Radtke et al (2021) and Borch et al (2022).…”

Section: Presently Available Information On Long Covid In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 97%

True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review

Esposito,

Deolmi,

Ramundo

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…In most cases, LC symptoms disappeared within 1-5 months. The authors concluded that long COVID-19 in Danish children was rare and mainly short-lived [69].…”

Section: Clinical Studies On Long Covid In the Pediatric Populationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children

Ailioaie

Litscher³

2023

IJMS

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For over three years, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children and adolescents has generated repercussions, especially a few weeks after infection, for symptomatic patients who tested positive, for asymptomatic ones, or even just the contacts of an infected person, and evolved from severe forms such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) to multifarious clinical manifestations in long COVID (LC). Referred to under the umbrella term LC, the onset of persistent and highly heterogeneous symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertion malaise, cognitive dysfunction, and others have a major impact on the child’s daily quality of life for months. The first aim of this review was to highlight the circumstances of the pathophysiological changes produced by COVID-19 in children and to better understand the hyperinflammation in COVID-19 and how MIS-C, as a life-threatening condition, could have been avoided in some patients. Another goal was to better identify the interplay between infection, dysbiosis, and inflammation at a molecular and cellular level, to better guide scientists, physicians, and pediatricians to advance new lines of medical action to avoid the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The third objective was to identify symptoms and their connection to molecular pathways to recognize LC more easily. The fourth purpose was to connect the triggering factors of LC with related sequelae following acute SARS-CoV-2 injuries to systems and organs, the persistence of the virus, and some of its components in hidden reservoirs, including the gut and the central nervous system. The reactivation of other latent infectious agents in the host’s immune environments, the interaction of this virus with the microbiome, immune hyperactivation, and autoimmunity generated by molecular mimicry between viral agents and host proteins, could initiate a targeted and individualized management. New high-tech solutions, molecules, probiotics, and others should be discovered to innovatively solve the interplay between RNA persistent viruses, microbiota, and our immune system.

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“…However, it remains uncertain whether children with continual respiratory symptoms experience exacerbated symptoms due to SARS-CoV-2. Nevertheless, initial studies suggest that most children infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibit mild signs and symptoms (Borch et al, 2022). The recent findings revealed that children recognized with bronchial asthma and cystic fibrosis, who have reduced weight and contracted SARS-CoV-2, did not display a considerable decrease in lung characteristics.…”

Section: Epidemiological and Clinical Outcomes Of Sars-cov-in Cf Pati...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of COVID-19 in cystic fibrosis patients: a review

Abolhasani,

Moein,

Rezaie

et al. 2024

Front. Microbiol.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic ailment caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. This autosomal recessive disorder is characterized by diverse pathobiological abnormalities, such as the disorder of CFTR channels in mucosal surfaces, caused by inadequate clearance of mucus and sputum, in addition to the malfunctioning of mucous organs. However, the primary motive of mortality in CF patients is pulmonary failure, which is attributed to the colonization of opportunistic microorganisms, formation of resistant biofilms, and a subsequent decline in lung characteristics. In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of the radical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a worldwide public health crisis, which unexpectedly spread not only within China but also globally. Given that the respiration system is the primary target of the COVID-19 virus, it is crucial to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the pathogenesis and mortality of CF patients, mainly in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Therefore, the goal of this review is to comprehensively review the present literature on the relationship between cystic fibrosis, COVID-19 contamination, and development of ARDS. Several investigations performed during the early stages of the virus outbreak have discovered unexpected findings regarding the occurrence and effectiveness of COVID-19 in individuals with CF. Contrary to initial expectancies, the rate of infection and the effectiveness of the virus in CF patients are lower than those in the overall population. This finding may be attributed to different factors, including the presence of thick mucus, social avoidance, using remedies that include azithromycin, the fairly younger age of CF patients, decreased presence of ACE-2 receptors, and the effect of CFTR channel disorder on the replication cycle and infectivity of the virus. However, it is important to notice that certain situations, which include undergoing a transplant, can also doubtlessly boost the susceptibility of CF patients to COVID-19. Furthermore, with an increase in age in CF patients, it is vital to take into account the prevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in this population. Therefore, ordinary surveillance of CF patients is vital to evaluate and save the population from the capability of transmission of the virus given the various factors that contribute to the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in this precise organization.

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Prevalence, Symptoms and Duration of Post Acute Effects in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Children – a Nationwide Cohort Study

Cited by 10 publications

References 13 publications

True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review

True prevalence of long COVID in children: a narrative review

Infection, Dysbiosis and Inflammation Interplay in the COVID Era in Children

Occurrence of COVID-19 in cystic fibrosis patients: a review

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