Prevalence, Treatment, and Associated Factors of Hypertension in Spain: A Comparative Study between Populations

Abstract

The prevalence and related factors of hypertensive subjects according to the resident area (rural versus urban) were investigated in two population-based studies from Spain. Medical questionnaires were administered and anthropometrics were measured, using standardized protocols. Hypertension was diagnosed in pharmacology treated subjects or those with blood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mm Hg. Regarding BP control, it was defined as under control if BP was <140/90 or <140/85 mm Hg in type 2 diabetic subjects. Information on educational status, social class, smoking habit, and alcohol intake was obtained. 3,816 subjects (54.38 % women) were included. Prevalence of diagnosed hypertension was higher in women and showed no differences according to the living area (men: urban 21.88 versus rural 21.92 %, p = 0.986; women: urban 28.73 versus rural 30.01 %, p = 0.540). Women living in rural areas and men with secondary or tertiary education levels had a lower probability of being BP uncontrolled (OR (95 % CI): 0.501 (0.258–0.970)/p=0.040, 0.245 (0.092–0.654)/p=0.005, and 0.156 (0.044–0.549)/p=0.004, respectively). Urban young men (31-45 years) and medium aged women (46-60 years) were less BP controlled than their rural counterparts (41.30 versus 65.79 %/p=0.025 and 35.24 versus 53.27 %/p=0.002, respectively).

Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control and Related Factors of Hypertension in Multiethnic Agriculture, Stock-Raising, and Urban Xinjiang, Northwest China: A Cross-Sectional Screening for 47000 Adults

“…The present study highlights that alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and obesity may increase the risk of hypertension in Xinjiang residents, consistent with previous literatures [25–28]. Most importantly, alcohol intake, compared to nondrinkers, was significantly related to increased prevalence of hypertension by 3.9 folds.…”

Clinical characteristics, treatment, and blood pressure control in patients with hypertension seen by primary care physicians in Spain: the IBERICAN study

“…Our results also showed an important relationship of hypertension risk development with epidemiological data as male gender, age over 65 years, be pensioned, living in a rural area, lower educational level, and low income. These results completed the role described by other authors about the social determinants in the development of hypertension and BP control ( 12 , 26 ).…”

Cardiometabolic Health Status, Ethnicity and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) Disparities in an Adult Population: NutrIMDEA Observational Web-Based Study

“…Furthermore, a higher education level among the healthy group was detected, and twice, unemployed/retired were found in the diseased group, which may be due to older aged subjects in this category. Data collection has some influence since hypertension rates in the current cohort were lower than data provided by other studies [ 42 , 43 ]. Indeed, in an online population, it may be found that only those with antihypertension treatment may respond as suffering cardiometabolic manifestation, which also applies for the diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia questions/answers.…”