Preventable Injury Deaths: A Population-Based Proxy of Child Maltreatment Risk in California

Abstract

Objective. This study used group variations in child injury fatality rates to assess racial bias in the population of children identified as victims of maltreatment.Methods. Injury fatality and maltreatment data from California were compiled for the years 1998-2007. Death and maltreatment risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed by race and age. Rates of excess child injury mortality by race were derived from three different baseline rates of death. Substantiations per excess injury death were calculated.Results. Compared with white children, black children faced a risk of substantiated maltreatment that was more than twice as great (black RR: 2.39, 95% CI 2.37, 2.42) and were fatally injured at nearly twice the rate (black RR: 1.89, 95% CI 1.68, 2.12). Per excess death, however, black children had rates of substantiated maltreatment allegations that were equivalent to or lower than the rates for white children.Conclusions. These data support claims that, at least in California, black-white racial disparities observed in maltreatment rates reflect real group differences in risk. These data provide no evidence of systematic racial bias in the child protective services' substantiation process.

MNEs Subsidiary Training and Development and Firm Innovative Performance: The Moderating Effects of Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Received from Headquarters

“…Since our variables for the study include variables at different organizational level, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is considered to be an appropriate estimation technique to test the effects of the various variables. This modeling permits researchers to regulate for non-independence observations while also examining the links among variables measured at different levels of analysis, capturing covariate effects that vary within and among higher-order clusters [129][130][131]. The approach also helps researchers to overcome challenges and avoid problems associated with other alternatives, such as aggregating scores at the higher level or failing to address the interdependence of disaggregated observations that can give rise to differences in error variances across the respondents as well as correlated disturbances [131,132].…”

The Penetration of Green Innovation on Firm Performance: Effects of Absorptive Capacity and Managerial Environmental Concern

“…For this paper, we thus followed prior HLM studies [92,[94][95][96], and used the approach to analyze how green innovation can influence firm performance, as well as the moderating effect of absorptive capability and managerial environmental concern on green innovation and firm performance. Using SPSS 23.0, the direct H1a-c, and the moderating H2a-c and 3a-c (H2a-c; H3a-c), were tested.…”

The moderating effect of substance abuse service accessibility on the relationship between child maltreatment and neighborhood alcohol availability

“…Measuring child maltreatment has always been difficult and researchers are developing innovative ways to couple different sources of administrative data to compute child maltreatment rates that do not rely exclusively on CPS reports, retrospective surveys, or community sentinels. Recent work has combined child maltreatment reports with child fatality data to develop indices of child maltreatment (Putnam-Hornstein, 2011). Future research should continue to explore ways to present rates of child maltreatment that attempt to account for its hidden nature.…”