Preventing Bird–Window Collisions

Klem, D. E.

doi:10.1676/08-118.1

Cited by 100 publications

(203 citation statements)

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“…The second type results from male birds defending their territories against mirrored trespassers. Birds are at elevated riskcompared to insects and mammals -due to the amount of momentum they generate during flight (Klem, 1989;1990a;1990b).…”

Section: Avian Mortality Compared To Other Non-energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power

Sovacool

2012

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

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Environmentalists and environmental scientists have criticized wind energy in various forums for its negative impacts on wildlife, especially birds. This article highlights that nuclear power and fossil-fuelled power systems have a host of environmental and wildlife costs as well, particularly for birds. Therefore, as a low-emission, low-pollution energy source, the wider use of wind energy can save wildlife and birds as it displaces these more harmful sources of electricity. The paper provides two examples: one relates to a calculation of avian fatalities across wind electricity, fossil-fueled, and nuclear power systems in the entire United States. It estimates that wind farms are responsible for roughly 0.27 avian fatalities per gigawatt-hour (GWh) of electricity while nuclear power plants involve 0.6 fatalities per GWh and fossilfueled power stations are responsible for about 9.4 fatalities per GWh. Within the uncertainties of the data used, the estimate means that wind farm-related avian fatalities equated to approximately 46,000 birds in the United States in 2009, but nuclear power plants killed about 460,000 and fossil-fueled power plants 24 million. A second example summarizes the wildlife benefits from a 580-MW wind farm at Altamont Pass in California, a facility that some have criticized for its impact on wildlife. The paper lastly highlights other social and environmental benefits to wind farms compared to other sources of electricity and energy.

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Section: Avian Mortality Compared To Other Non-energy Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power

Sovacool

2012

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

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“…This awareness has led to calls to determine which types of houses and windows are most problematic, because it is poorly understood why one house has more collisions than another , Loss et al 2014). Having such information would aid in the design of effective mitigation strategies for reducing bird-window collisions (Klem 1989, Dunn 1993, Klem et al 2004, Bayne et al 2012, Hager et al 2013, Klem and Saenger 2013, Kummer et al 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, the 4 studies that have looked at bird-window collisions with houses have been focused on different aspects of window collision risk, which makes it difficult to generalize results (Klem 1989, Dunn 1993, Bayne et al 2012, Hager et al 2013. Klem (1989) conducted a review of anecdotal reports and concluded that bird feeders and the type, size, and placement of glass were the most important predictors of collisions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Select Visual Signals to Prevent Bird-window Collisions

Klem

Saenger

2013

The Wilson Journal of Ornithology

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“…Collisions with building windows are thought to be a significant source of mortality to birds in urban landscapes (Klem, 1989;Bayne et al, 2012;Hager et al, 2013;Machtans et al, 2013;Loss et al, 2014). Much of our understanding of bird-window collisions has been generated from studies that range from incidental mortality observations to those employing systematic sampling and that also accounted for the biases (e.g., scavenging of bird carcasses) that lead to imperfect detection of carcasses (Loss et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Supplemental Information 3: Article 3: Bird Carcass Identification Tags

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Collisions with building windows are thought to be a significant source of mortality for urban birds. Past studies on bird-window collisions have used a variety of survey methods to estimate the magnitude of mortality, and few have constructed methods in light of the biases related to scavengers and worker abilities that lead to imperfect detection of carcasses. Adoption of a systematic carcass survey protocol in future studies would reduce site-specific biases and among-site survey variability, which in turn would improve the accuracy of mortality estimates at all scales. We present here a standardized carcass survey protocol that serves two basic functions: (a) it is simple and inexpensive to implement, and (b) it accounts for the removal of carcasses by scavengers and detection of carcasses by field workers. Consistent with these goals, we added a variety of approaches with particular aspects of the protocol for researchers to chooose from depending on the goals of their study. The following topics are addressed in the protocol: 1. Preparing for surveys, 2. Supplies, 3. Frequency of surveys throughout the study, 4. When during the day to complete surveys, 5. Field worker behavior during surveys, 6. The pre-survey carcass 'clean-up', 7. How to conduct carcass surveys, 8. Carcass collection and containment, 9. Identifying species of bird carcasses, 10. Data collection and management, and 11. Duration of carcass surveys.

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Preventing Bird–Window Collisions

Cited by 100 publications

References 5 publications

The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power

The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Select Visual Signals to Prevent Bird-window Collisions

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