“…In these models, craving reliably displays an inverted U-shaped relationship across time, such that it is highest at moderate stages of abstinence (Shalev et al, 2001, Grimm et al, 2003). While these animal models have provided a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of craving and relapse (Pickens et al, 2011, Loweth et al, 2014, Dong et al, 2017, Reiner et al, 2019, Altshuler et al, 2020, Venniro et al, 2021), the translational value of rodent models into humans has been limited based on differences in how craving is probed across species (Liu et al, 2023).…”