Preventing Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis Among Adolescents: Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

Abstract

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Geospatial analysis of nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis outbreaks in the United States

“…Specifically, the number of reported pertussis cases in adolescents increased, which suggested there was waning immunity from the DTaP vaccine (7,(9)(10)(11). Because of the increase in reported pertussis cases in adolescents, the ACIP made a recommendation in 2006 that a child between the ages of 11 and 12 years old should receive a booster shot for the pertussis vaccine in the form of the tetanus-diphtheria-acelluar pertussis (Tdap) vaccine (43). However, even after the recommended Tdap booster, there continued to be reports of increased rates of pertussis cases among adolescents (7, 9-11).…”

Sexual Activity–Related Outcomes After Human Papillomavirus Vaccination of 11- to 12-Year-Olds

“…7 Recommendations for Tdap and MCV4 vaccination were approved ,18 months before the HPV vaccination recommendation. 1,8,9 Barriers to HPV vaccination exist at the structural (cost, multidose series, physicians not encouraging vaccination) and individual (concerns about vaccine safety and fear of needles) levels. 7,[10][11][12] A frequently discussed concern, both in peer-reviewed literature and mass media, about vaccinating preteenage girls against HPV is that vaccination against an STI could lead to increased promiscuity through risk compensation or behavioral disinhibition.…”

The Challenges of Pertussis Outbreaks in Healthcare Facilities: Is There A Light at the End of the Tunnel?

“…With universal childhood pertussis vaccination, the incidence of pertussis in children has markedly declined. 1 Tdap vaccines are also highly effective in adolescents and adults, as illustrated by the recently published Adult Pertussis Trial. 27 In this randomized, clinical trial, which enrolled more than 2,700 healthy adults and adolescents, administration of an acellular pertussis vaccine was 92% efficacious in preventing pertussis confirmed by culture or serologic testing.…”

“…During 2004, more than 25,000 cases of pertussis were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the highest total since 1959; of these, 34% were in individuals aged 11-18 years and 29% were in adults aged 19 years and older. 1 This increase in pertussis in adolescents and adults is likely due to several factors, including waning protection from childhood vaccination and natural infection, an increased appreciation of disease in this age group, and the improved ability of clinicians to diagnose pertussis through the use of serologic methods. Whether this increase in pertussis incidence represents a true increase in disease or just reflects an improved recognition of disease remains unclear.…”

“…However, the recent licensure, in 2005, of 2 acellular pertussis vaccines combined with tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Tdap vaccines) for use as adolescent boosters (and, for one product, use as an adult booster) is cause for great optimism. 1,26 Childhood vaccination against B. pertussis was first recommended in the 1940s, and at that time pertussis vaccines consisted of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with killed whole-cell B. pertussis organisms. These vaccines were associated with high rates of local and systemic adverse effects.…”