“…Neighborhood poverty and markers of economic stress, such as food insecurity, and financial dependence, have been linked to many forms of violence (Bonomi, Trabert, Anderson, Kernic, & Holt, 2014; Capaldi et al, 2012; Freisthler et al, 2006; Jewkes, Fulu, Roselli, & Garcia-Moreno, 2013; Johannesen & LoGiudice, 2013; Losel & Farrington, 2012; Luo, Florence, Quispe-Agnoli, Ouyang, & Crosby, 2011; Rehkopf & Buka, 2006; Slack et al, 2011). Previous ecological studies have linked national, regional, and state-level rates of poverty and economic stress to violence and other health outcomes (Holtgrave & Crosby, 2003; Page et al, 2016; Wolf, Gray, & Fazel, 2014), and research on indicators of financial hardship suggest that housing-related expenses contribute substantially to individuals' and families' financial stress (Bray, 2001; Kutty, 2005). As such, we measure economic stress using census data on residents’ median rent-to-income ratio.…”