Preventing Zoonotic Canine Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil: Pet Attachment and Adoption of Community Leishmania Prevention

Esch, Kevin J.; Pontes, Nubia N.; Arruda, Paulo; O’Connor, Annette M.; Morais, Lorena; Jerônimo, Selma M. B.; Petersen, Christine A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0251

Cited by 28 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Dogs with leishmaniasis have a similar pathogenesis to human VL. In addition, canine leishmaniasis is a primary target for public health interventions in multiple endemic areas, including culling, vaccination and/or therapy [5, 26]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed Death 1–Mediated T Cell Exhaustion during Visceral Leishmaniasis Impairs Phagocyte Function

Esch

Juelsgaard

Martínez

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

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143

166

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Control of Leishmania infantum infection is dependent upon Th1 CD4+ T cells to promote macrophage intracellular clearance of parasites. Deficient CD4+ T cell effector responses during clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are associated with elevated production of IL-10. In the primary domestic reservoir of VL, dogs, we define occurrence of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell exhaustion as a significant stepwise loss of antigen-specific proliferation and IFNγ production, corresponding to increasing VL symptomatology. Exhaustion was associated with a fourfold increase in the population of T cells with surface expression of Programmed Death 1 (PD-1) between control and symptomatic populations. Importantly, exhausted populations of CD8+ T cells and to a lesser extent CD4+ T cells were present prior to onset of clinical VL. VL exhausted T cells did not undergo significant apoptosis ex vivo after antigen stimulation. Antibody block of PD-1 ligand, B7.H1, promoted return of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function and dramatically increased reactive oxygen species production in co-cultured monocyte-derived phagocytes. As a result, these phagocytes had decreased parasite load. We demonstrate for the first time that pan-T cell, PD-1-mediated, exhaustion during VL influenced macrophage reactive oxygen intermediate production. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway improved the ability of phagocytes isolated from dogs presenting with clinical VL to clear intracellular parasites. T cell exhaustion during symptomatic canine leishmaniasis has implications for the response to vaccination and therapeutic strategies for control of Leishmania infantum in this important reservoir species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Programmed Death 1–Mediated T Cell Exhaustion during Visceral Leishmaniasis Impairs Phagocyte Function

Esch

Juelsgaard

Martínez

et al. 2013

The Journal of Immunology

Self Cite

143

166

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“…While studies have shown that vigilant surveillance and culling can reduce the canine prevalence of VL to a degree, impacts on human infection are more difficult to ascertain (339). Limitations in diagnostic sensitivity likely lead to false-negative diagnoses for a large number of asymptomatic dogs, delays between testing and dog removal increase the likelihood of transmission, and the financial and emotional costs of the policy implemented in Brazil are high (329,339,340). The use of permethrin or deltamethrin collars or topical applications has shown efficacy in reducing sandfly feeding and transmission in areas of endemicity (341,342).…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical ZVL has also been associated with poor nutrition (328). Many of the same factors associated with human ZVL also apply to owner characteristics associated with risks for canine VL (271,272,329). Vertical transmission has been characterized for dogs and people, causing an increased risk for infants born to parasitemic mothers (330).…”

Section: Fig 10mentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Protozoal Diseases of Companion Animals

2013

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SUMMARYOver 77 million dogs and 93 million cats share our households in the United States. Multiple studies have demonstrated the importance of pets in their owners' physical and mental health. Given the large number of companion animals in the United States and the proximity and bond of these animals with their owners, understanding and preventing the diseases that these companions bring with them are of paramount importance. Zoonotic protozoal parasites, including toxoplasmosis, Chagas' disease, babesiosis, giardiasis, and leishmaniasis, can cause insidious infections, with asymptomatic animals being capable of transmitting disease.GiardiaandToxoplasma gondii, endemic to the United States, have high prevalences in companion animals.LeishmaniaandTrypanosoma cruziare found regionally within the United States. These diseases have lower prevalences but are significant sources of human disease globally and are expanding their companion animal distribution. Thankfully, healthy individuals in the United States are protected by intact immune systems and bolstered by good nutrition, sanitation, and hygiene. Immunocompromised individuals, including the growing number of obese and/or diabetic people, are at a much higher risk of developing zoonoses. Awareness of these often neglected diseases in all health communities is important for protecting pets and owners. To provide this awareness, this review is focused on zoonotic protozoal mechanisms of virulence, epidemiology, and the transmission of pathogens of consequence to pet owners in the United States.

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“…Global canine mortality due to leishmaniosis is unknown. Data generated based on CanL seropositive dog culling in multiple countries including Brazil, suggests that canine mortality associated with CanL is 20-30 times greater than that of humans (Alvar et al, 2013; Costa et al, 2007; Esch et al, 2012; Palatnik-de-Sousa et al, 2001). Visceralizing leishmaniasis, due to its systemic presentation, is commonly termed leishmaniosis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunologic progression of canine leishmaniosis following vertical transmission in United States dogs

Vida

Toepp

Schaut

et al. 2016

Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology

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Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is caused by Leishmania infantum, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, endemic in U.S. hunting dog populations. CanL has been found in dogs in 28 states and two Canadian provinces. Previous studies by our group, (Boggiatto, 2011), demonstrated that vertical transmission of Leishmania was the predominant means of transmission within U.S. dogs. Very little is known regarding how this alternative means of transmission, alters the long-term immunity and clinical presentation of leishmaniosis in dogs born to a positive bitch. This study follows the immunological progression of CanL in three pups after birth to an infected bitch. During the course of the study, these dogs were tested every six months over the course of six years. Both immunologic (IFN-γ, T cell proliferation, antibody production) and parasitological parameters (qPCR) of vertically-infected dogs were measured. Within the six years after birth to an L. infantum-infected, oligosymptomatic bitch, all dogs had at least one L. infantum PCR-positive test. Interestingly, despite living in the same location for their entire lives and being full siblings, these pups demonstrate three different disease progression patterns of L. infantum infection. One dog progressed to oligosymptomatic disease, maintaining a positive titer and had intermittent positive PCR results. One asymptomatic dog had positive serological titers and demonstrated a robust CD4+ immune response to infection. The third dog had a negligible response to L. infantum antigen and was healthy. This work demonstrates the biologic variability associated with vertically-transmitted infection similar to the variety of presentations observed during vector-borne leishmaniosis.

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Preventing Zoonotic Canine Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil: Pet Attachment and Adoption of Community Leishmania Prevention

Cited by 28 publications

References 36 publications

Programmed Death 1–Mediated T Cell Exhaustion during Visceral Leishmaniasis Impairs Phagocyte Function

Programmed Death 1–Mediated T Cell Exhaustion during Visceral Leishmaniasis Impairs Phagocyte Function

Transmission and Epidemiology of Zoonotic Protozoal Diseases of Companion Animals

Immunologic progression of canine leishmaniosis following vertical transmission in United States dogs

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