Prevention and Control of Cholera

Barua, D; Merson, Michael H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9688-9_15

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…While tetracycline has been the mainstay of Table 5. therapy, chloramphenicol, furazolidone and co-trimoxazole are the other reported alternatives [15,16]. Multidrug resistant classical V. cholerae strains and simultaneous epidemic outbreaks of both classical and ElTor biotypes of V. cholerae has been reported in Bangladesh [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

et al. 2000

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Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from cholera patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Calcutta, India for 6 years were analysed to determine the changing trends; 840 V. cholerae strains isolated in 1992-1997 were included in this study. Among V. cholerae serogoup O1 and O139, ampicillin resistance increased from 1992 (35 and 70%, respectively) to 1997 (both serogroups 100%). Resistance to furazolidone and streptomycin was constantly high among V. cholerae O1 strains with gradual increase in resistance to other drugs such as ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, neomycin and nalidixic acid. V. cholerae O139 strains exhibited susceptibilities to furazolidone and streptomycin comparable with those of O1 strains. However, after initial increase in resistance to chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole, all the V. cholerae O139 strains became susceptible to these two drugs from 1995 onwards. Both V. cholerae O1 and O139 remained largely susceptible to gentamicin and tetracycline. V. cholerae non-O1, non-O139 strains, in contrast, exhibited high levels of resistance to virtually every class of antimicrobial agents tested in this study especially from 1995. Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis showed that V. cholerae O1 Ogawa serogroup exhibited significant yearly increase in resistance to nine antibiotics followed by non-O1 non-O139 and O139 strains to six antibiotics and two antibiotics respectively. Interesting observation encountered in this study was the dissipation of some of the resistant patterns commonly found among V. cholerae non-O1 non-O139 or O1 serogroups to the O139 serogroup and vice versa during the succeeding years.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

et al. 2000

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“…The traditional emergency prevention measure, boiling the water, is economically and environmentally unsustainable. It takes a kilogram of firewood to bring a liter of water to boil for a minute, [ 9 ] and a person requires a minimum of 2L of drinking water per day [ 10 ].…”

Section: Point-of-use Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease

Mintz¹

1995

JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association

109

125

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“…V. cholerae is a normal inhabitant of aquatic environments, belonging to the free-living bacterial flora in estuarine areas (5). It is endemic in the Indian subcontinent and disseminates worldwide through major outbreaks, and it is particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation (1). The V. cholerae pathogenic strains are mainly transmitted by contaminated water and food and belong to two major serogroups, O1 and O139 (2,39).…”

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confidence: 99%

Roles of NhaA, NhaB, and NhaD Na ⁺ /H ⁺ Antiporters in Survival of Vibrio cholerae in a Saline Environment

et al. 2003

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Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of cholera, is a normal inhabitant of aquatic environments, where it survives in a wide range of conditions of pH and salinity. In this work, we investigated the role of three Na ؉ /H ؉ antiporters on the survival of V. cholerae in a saline environment. We have previously cloned the Vc-nhaA gene encoding the V. cholerae homolog of Escherichia coli. Here we identified two additional antiporter genes, designated Vc-nhaB and Vc-nhaD, encoding two putative proteins of 530 and 477 residues, respectively, highly homologous to the respective antiporters of Vibrio species and E. coli. We showed that both Vc-NhaA and Vc-NhaB confer Na ؉ resistance and that Vc-NhaA displays an antiport activity in E. coli, which is similar in magnitude, kinetic parameters, and pH regulation to that of E. coli NhaA. To determine the roles of the Na ؉ /H ؉ antiporters in V. cholerae, we constructed nhaA, nhaB, and nhaD mutants (single, double, and triple mutants). In contrast to E. coli, the inactivation of the three putative antiporter genes (Vc-nhaABD) in V. cholerae did not alter the bacterial exponential growth in the presence of high Na ؉ concentrations and had only a slight effect in the stationary phase. In contrast, a pronounced and similar Li ؉ -sensitive phenotype was found with all mutants lacking Vc-nhaA during the exponential phase of growth and also with the triple mutant in the stationary phase of growth. By using 2-n-nonyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, a specific inhibitor of the electron-transport-linked Na ؉ pump NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NQR), we determined that in the absence of NQR activity, the Vc-NhaA Na ؉ /H ؉ antiporter activity becomes essential for the resistance of V. cholerae to Na ؉ at alkaline pH. Since the ion pump NQR is Na ؉ specific, we suggest that its activity masks the Na ؉ /H ؉ but not the Li ؉ /H ؉ antiporter activities. Our results indicate that the Na ؉ resistance of the human pathogen V. cholerae requires a complex molecular system involving multiple antiporters and the NQR pump.

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Prevention and Control of Cholera

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease

Roles of NhaA, NhaB, and NhaD Na ⁺ /H ⁺ Antiporters in Survival of Vibrio cholerae in a Saline Environment

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Prevention and Control of Cholera

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

Expanding multiple antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of Vibrio cholerae isolated from 1992–7 in Calcutta, India

Safe water treatment and storage in the home. A practical new strategy to prevent waterborne disease

Roles of NhaA, NhaB, and NhaD Na + /H + Antiporters in Survival of Vibrio cholerae in a Saline Environment

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Roles of NhaA, NhaB, and NhaD Na ⁺ /H ⁺ Antiporters in Survival of Vibrio cholerae in a Saline Environment