Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines

Grohskopf, Lisa A.; Sokolow, Leslie Z.; Broder, Karen R.; Olsen, Sonja J.; Karron, Ruth A.; Jernigan, Daniel B.; Bresee, Joseph S.

doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6505a1

Cited by 383 publications

(289 citation statements)

References 408 publications

(429 reference statements)

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“…Influenza vaccination (1) Changes are related to the low effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) (FluMist, MedImmune) against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in the United States during the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons and revised recommendations for the use of influenza vaccine among patients with egg allergy. These changes are reflected in the 2017 adult immunization schedule as follows:…”

Section: Changes In the 2017 Adult Immunization Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2017

Kim

Riley

Harriman

et al. 2017

American Journal of Transplantation

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Section: Changes In the 2017 Adult Immunization Schedulementioning

confidence: 99%

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2017

Kim

Riley

Harriman

et al. 2017

American Journal of Transplantation

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“…RNA structure and polymerase fidelity RNA viruses exhibit high mutation rates due to the high error rates of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Viral replication during the egg adaptation process frequently results in gene mutations, which may alter the antigenic properties of the HA Modified from Grohskopf et al [5] and NA proteins derived from the wild-type viruses. Frequent amino acid substitutions in HA have been reported during the propagation of the viruses in eggs.…”

Section: Vaccine Manufacturingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, in June 2016, the American Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that LAIV should not be used during the 2016-2017 influenza season, while the same decision was not accepted by several other health authorities such as Canada, UK, and Finland where LAIV VE was considered adequate [4]. Possible explanations for reduced LAIV VE has been a decreased immune response against A/H1N1pdm09 (thought to be the result of a more highly vaccinated population during seasons 2013-2014 and 2015-2016), antigenically drifted A/H3N2 viruses during the 2014-2015 season, potential interference of viruses included in the LAIV, heat susceptibility, and also methodological issues in studies (biases in the design and statistical limits) [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences

Garaci

Pica

Matteucci

et al. 2015

Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy

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Thymosin α1 (Tα1) is a naturally occurring polypeptide that regulates immune cell development and function, and is also capable of interacting with multiple target cells with relevant biological effects. The rationale of Tα1 use in cancer treatment stems from the consideration that tumor progression is favored by a failure of the immune response and in turn induces immune suppression. This paper will review the historical background of Tα1 use in oncology, aiming to highlight the importance of Tα1 as an immunotherapeutic tool to be used in combination with chemotherapy, a concept that is not yet fully established in clinic. Areas covered: The efficacy and safety of combining Tα1 with chemotherapy and cytokines were first evaluated in murine tumor models, providing essential information about effects, mechanisms of action, doses and treatment protocols. The therapeutic potential of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol on metastatic melanoma and lung cancer has been confirmed in controlled clinical trials. Critical for the efficacy of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol is the dual action of Tα1 on immune effector and tumor cells. Expert opinion: On the basis of the preclinical and clinical results available, the use of the chemo-immunotherapy protocol, in which the role of Tα1 is central, is strongly recommended

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“…16,17 As a consequence, the US Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended that LAIV not be used in the US in 2016/17 and that IIV should be utilized instead. 18 In the UK, Canada and Finland, the problem with the pH1N1 component although still evident, was not nearly as drastic, with effectiveness rates of 40-50% reported in 2015/16. [19][20][21] Emphasising the variability in VE results, the US ICICLE study also reported pH1N1 VE of 50%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urgent challenges in implementing live attenuated influenza vaccine

Singanayagam

Zambon

Lalvani

et al. 2018

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

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SummaryConflicting reports have emerged about the effectiveness of the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV). LAIV appears to be protecting particularly poorly against currently circulating H1N1 viruses that are derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) viruses. During the 2015/16 influenza season, when pH1N1 was the predominant virus, studies from the United States (US) reported a complete lack of effectiveness of LAIV in children. This led to a critical decision in the US to recommend that LAIV not be used in 2016/17 and to switch to the inactivated influenza vaccine. Other countries, including the UK, Canada and Finland, have continued to recommend use of LAIV. This policy divergence and uncertainty has far reaching implications for the entire global community, given the importance of LAIV production capability for pandemic preparedness. In this Personal View, we discuss possible explanations for the observed reduced effectiveness of LAIV and highlight underpinning scientific questions. Further research to understand the reasons for these observations is essential to enable informed public health policy and commercial decisions about vaccine production and development in coming years. 3 IntroductionInfluenza vaccination remains the main strategy to control the burden of seasonal influenza disease that affects 5-10% of adults and 20-30% of children, resulting in 250,000-500,000 deaths worldwide each year. 1,2 In the US, 140 million doses of vaccine are distributed each year and vaccination is estimated to prevent nearly a quarter of predicted influenza-associated deaths. 3 Vaccination is also the primary public health response to a global influenza pandemic.Influenza vaccines contain a mixture of three or four components designed to protect against the different viruses that circulate contemporaneously as seasonal influenza viruses. Currently, these are two influenza A viruses (H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes) and two influenza B viruses (Victoria and Yamagata lineages). Vaccine components are reviewed and updated regularly by the WHO in line with observed antigenic drift of influenza viruses.The traditional inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) was introduced in the 1940s. IIV is administered by intramuscular/intradermal injection, is licensed for use in all ages and has a good safety record. However, effectiveness rates vary, averaging around 50-60%. 4,5 More recently, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was demonstrated to have greater efficacy than IIV in children, with absolute efficacy rates of 75-80%. [6][7][8] Internal genes of LAIV viruses are derived from a cold-adapted, attenuated strain of virus, either Ann Arbor/1960 (from the US) or Leningrad/1957 (from Russia). Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface antigens are engineered to be representative of currently circulating strains. LAIV is nasally administered and vaccine viruses replicate only in the air-cooled environment of the human upper respiratory tract. This results in a mild and self-limiting infection; virus cannot replicate at t...

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Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines

Cited by 383 publications

References 408 publications

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2017

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older — United States, 2017

Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences

Urgent challenges in implementing live attenuated influenza vaccine

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