Prevention and Control Strategies of African Swine Fever and Progress on Pig Farm Repopulation in China

Liu, Yuanjia; Zhang, Xinheng; Qi, Wenbao; Yang, Yaozhi; Liu, Zexin; An, Tongqing; Wu, Xiuhong; Chen, Jianxin

doi:10.3390/v13122552

Cited by 58 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…As a result, PEDV was identified as the most important cause of diarrhea, and its detection rate decreased from 2018 to 2020, which may be due to the wide use of the PEDV vaccine (GII-b) in China [ 18 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. In addition, in 2018, the outbreak of African swine fever (ASF) in pigs was first reported in China, and was transmitted rapidly through the legal trade of live pigs, which led to the development of ASFV monitoring and control plans and the upgrading of the biosecurity system of pig farms [ 30 , 31 , 32 ]. These may be important reasons for the decline in the PED positive rate after 2018, and also provide some useful data for pig farms and the government to develop a bio-safety system for more efficient prevention and control of infectious diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021

Geng

et al. 2022

Viruses

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Swine enteric viruses are a major cause of piglet diarrhea, causing a devastating impact on the pork industry. To further understand the molecular epidemiology and evolutionary diversity of swine enteric viruses, we carried out a molecular epidemiological investigation of swine enteric viruses (PEDV, PDCoV, PoRVA, and TGEV) on 7107 samples collected from pig farms in south-central China. The results demonstrated that PEDV is the predominant pathogen causing piglet diarrhea, and its infection occurs mainly in relatively cold winter and spring in Hunan and Hubei provinces. The positive rate of PEDV showed an abnormal increase from 2020 to 2021, and that of PoRVA and PDCoV exhibited gradual increases from 2018 to 2021. PEDV-PoRVA and PEDV-PDCoV were the dominant co-infection modes. A genetic evolution analysis based on the PEDV S1 gene and ORF3 gene revealed that the PEDV GII-a is currently epidemic genotype, and the ORF3 gene of DY2020 belongs to a different clade relative to other GII-a strains isolated in this study. Overall, our results indicated that the variant PEDV GII-a is the main pathogen of piglet diarrhea with a trend of outbreak. G9 is the dominant PoRVA genotype and has the possibility of outbreak as well. It is therefore critical to strengthen the surveillance of PEDV and PoRVA, and to provide technical reserves for the prevention and control of piglet diarrhea.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021

Geng

et al. 2022

Viruses

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“…On the contrary, for infected animals, the self-cleaning of the body is also conducive to virus spread. It is necessary to regularly collect and detect the presence of ASFV in pig herds, and to ensure the removal and safe destruction of positive pig herds to eliminate the source of infection [ 12 ].…”

Section: The Major Defense Mechanisms and Asfv Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By improving the level of biosecurity, including optimizing the location of pig farms, strict disinfection measures, and strengthening ASFV testing on pig farms, ASFV-positive pigs were culled at designated locations, and the source of the infection was eliminated. Most pig farms finally successfully resumed breeding [ 12 ]. However, in order to improve the level of biosecurity, the measures taken by pig farms have objectively increased the cost of breeding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Escape Mechanism and Vaccine Research Progress of African Swine Fever Virus

Wang

Huang

et al. 2022

Vaccines

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of the epidemic of African swine fever (ASF), with virulent strains having a mortality rate of up to 100% and presenting devastating impacts on animal farming. Since ASF was first reported in China in 2018, ASFV still exists and poses a potential threat to the current pig industry. Low-virulence and genotype I strains of ASFV have been reported in China, and the prevention and control of ASF is more complicated. Insufficient understanding of the interaction of ASFV with the host immune system hinders vaccine development. Physical barriers, nonspecific immune response and acquired immunity are the three barriers of the host against infection. To escape the innate immune response, ASFV invades monocytes/macrophages and dendritic cells, thereby inhibiting IFN expression, regulating cytokine expression and the body’s inflammatory response process. Meanwhile, in order to evade the adaptive immune response, ASFV inhibits antigen presentation, induces the production of non-neutralizing antibodies, and inhibits apoptosis. Recently, significant advances have been achieved in vaccine development around the world. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) based on artificially deleting specific virulence genes can achieve 100% homologous protection and partial heterologous protection. The key of subunit vaccines is identifying the combination of antigens that can effectively provide protection and selecting carriers that can effectively deliver the antigens. In this review, we introduce the epidemic trend of ASF and the impact on the pig industry, analyze the interaction mechanism between ASFV and the body’s immune system, and compare the current status of potential vaccines in order to provide a reference for the development of effective ASF vaccines.

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“…African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) infection, with morbidity and mortality rates close to 100%. It is a devastating disease in domestic and wild pigs, causing heavy losses to the pig and related industries in affected countries because of a wide variety of transmission routes and a lack of effective vaccines and anti-ASFV drugs ( Liu et al, 2021 ). ASF was first reported in Kenya in 1921 and sustained epidemics circulated in the continent for 36 years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for ASFV, its large genome and complex immune escape mechanism pose a great challenge to developing efficient ASFV vaccines, and no safe and effective commercial vaccine against ASFV has been released so far ( Zhuo et al, 2021 ). Early detection, elimination of the infectious source and enhanced biosecurity measures are major measures to control its spread ( Liu et al, 2021 ). In this context, efforts to seek new strategies for ASFV prevention and control are critical, including the development of safe and efficient anti-ASFV drugs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toosendanin suppresses African swine fever virus replication through upregulating interferon regulatory factor 1 in porcine alveolar macrophage cultures

et al. 2022

Self Cite

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African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal swine pathogen that causes severe socio-economic consequences in affected countries. Unfortunately, effective vaccine for combating ASF is unavailable so far, and the prevention and control strategies for ASFV are still very limited. Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the medicinal herb Melia toosendan Sieb. Et Zucc, has been demonstrated to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-botulism and anti-microbial activities, and was used clinically as an anthelmintic, while the antiviral effect of TSN on ASFV has not been reported. In this study, we revealed that TSN exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on ASFV GZ201801-38 strain in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs; EC50 = 0.085 μM, SI = 365) in a dose-dependent manner. TSN showed robust antiviral activity in different doses of ASFV infection and reduced the transcription and translation levels of ASFV p30 protein, viral genomic DNA quantity as well as viral titer at 24 and 48 h post-infection. In addition, TSN did not affect virion attachment and release but intervened in its internalization in PAMs. Further investigations disclosed that TSN played its antiviral role by upregulating the host IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) IRF1 rather than by directly inactivating the virus particles. Overall, our results suggest that TSN is an effective antiviral agent against ASFV replication in vitro and may have the potential for clinical use.

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Prevention and Control Strategies of African Swine Fever and Progress on Pig Farm Repopulation in China

Cited by 58 publications

References 90 publications

Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021

Epidemic and Evolutionary Characteristics of Swine Enteric Viruses in South-Central China from 2018 to 2021

Immune Escape Mechanism and Vaccine Research Progress of African Swine Fever Virus

Toosendanin suppresses African swine fever virus replication through upregulating interferon regulatory factor 1 in porcine alveolar macrophage cultures

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