Prevention and Reduction of Geological and Environmental Problems in the Iranian Cities by Development of Geoscientific Knowledge-Base and Cyber-Infrastructure in the Urban Scale

Abstract

This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License CTCSE.MS.ID.000539. From Data to Knowledge in Geospatial and Geological ContextsThe DIKW hierarchy (Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom) was presented by Sharma [12] highlighting the first appearances of the hierarchy in both the knowledge management and information science domains [13] (Figure 2). In this hierarchy, computational methods play a major role in the initial processing of data to extract information, but they alone become less effective to compile knowledge from information [14]. Another form of representation of this concept is DIKW pyramid (Figure 2) that is more acceptable near information scientists [15] (Figure 1).