Prevention and Regression of Atherosclerosis: Effects of Hmg-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Bjelajac, Aleksandra; Goo, Alvin; Weart, C. Wayne

doi:10.1177/106002809603001116

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…This may be why an effect of lipid-lowering therapy on a lower incidence of MI 107,108 and stroke 109 -111 can be seen without a major change in plaque size or volume (ie, degree of stenosis). 104,106,112 Lowering of plasma and LDL cholesterol levels has been shown to lead to reduced progression or even regression of atherosclerotic disease in coronary, 113 femoral, 114 and carotid arteries (IMT) [115][116][117][118] and to reduced incidence of MI, 114 cerebrovascular events, 109 -111 and even death. 111 There are several reasons why lipid-lowering therapy has not shown a pronounced benefit to stroke patients until recently.…”

Section: Influence Of Plasma Cholesterol Lowering On Stroke Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound and Lipoproteins as Predictors of Lipid-Rich, Rupture-Prone Plaques in the Carotid Artery

Grønholdt

1999

ATVB

176

111

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Abstract-The aim of this review is to summarize present knowledge of the ultrasonic detection and determinants of carotid atherosclerosis with lipid-rich cores and to review the evidence that these measures of plaque type may predict cerebral events. With the use of high-resolution ultrasound B-mode imaging, carotid plaques evaluated as only weakly reflecting the ultrasound beam (echolucent) have been associated with a higher risk of neurological events than are plaques reflecting the ultrasound signal strongly (echorich). Histologically, these echolucent plaques have a higher content of lipid and hemorrhage than do echorich plaques, which contain more calcification and fibrous tissue. Findings in the coronary arteries indicate that a lipid-rich plaque with a thin, fibrous cap is more vulnerable, is more prone to rupture, and cause symptoms compared with fibrous plaques. A search for determinants in the blood for these vulnerable plaques suggests that low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is the best lipid predictor for the extent of atherosclerosis, whereas triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in particular seem to predict an echolucent plaque. Lowering of LDL cholesterol and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in plasma is associated with reduced progression of coronary atherosclerosis and coronary events. LDL cholesterol reduction is also associated with a reduced stroke rate. These improvements in the prognosis are thought to be the result of a reduction in the lipid content of the plaques, making them more stable and resistant to rupture rather than an actual reduction in plaque volume and degree of stenosis. In conclusion, it appears that ultrasound B-mode imaging as well as lipoproteins presumably may predict dangerous and rupture-prone, lipid-rich plaques in the carotid arteries, thereby being potential diagnostic tools in the prevention of neurological events. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999;19:2-13.)

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Section: Influence Of Plasma Cholesterol Lowering On Stroke Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasound and Lipoproteins as Predictors of Lipid-Rich, Rupture-Prone Plaques in the Carotid Artery

Grønholdt

1999

ATVB

176

111

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“…Atherosclerosis is the most common type of occlusive cardiovascular disease (Schillinger et al, 2002, and Charo et al, 2011). Current therapies aimed at retarding atherosclerosis are centered on hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and anti-hypertensive medications (Bjelajac et al, 1996). Nonetheless, when advanced plaques ultimately become occlusive or rupture, interventional procedures are required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sry-type HMG box 18 contributes to the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to endothelial cells

2015

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Objective Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have shown therapeutic potential to engraft and either differentiate into or support differentiation of vascular endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells and cardiomyocytes in animal models of ischemic heart disease. Following intracoronary or transendocardial delivery of MSCs, however, only a small fraction of cells engraft and the majority of those persist as an immature cell phenotype. The goal of the current study was to decipher the molecular pathways and mechanisms that control MSC differentiation into ECs. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-165) treatment is known to enhance in vitro differentiation of MSCs into ECs. We tested the possible involvement of the Sry-type HMG box (Sox) family of transcription factors in this process. Method and Results MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow of Yucatan microswine and underwent a 10 day differentiation protocol. VEGF-165 (50 ng/ml) treatment of MSCs in vitro induced a significant increase in the protein expression of VEGFR-2, Sox9 and Sox18, in addition to the EC markers PECAM-1, VE-cadherin and vWF, as determined by Western blot or flow cytometry. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Sox18, as opposed to Sox9, in MSCs prevented VEGF-165-mediated induction of EC markers and capillary tube formation. Inhibition of VEGFR-2 signaling (SC-202850) reduced Sox18 and reduced VEGF-165-induced differentiation of MSCs to ECs. Conclusion Here we demonstrate that VEGF-165 mediates MSC differentiation into ECs via VEGFR-2-dependent induction of Sox18, which ultimately coordinates the transcriptional upregulation of specific markers of the EC phenotype.

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Reversal of Coronary Atherosclerosis by Yoga Lifestyle Intervention

Manchanda

Narang

Reddy

et al. 2003

Progress in Experimental Cardiology

139

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Prevention and Regression of Atherosclerosis: Effects of Hmg-CoA Reductase Inhibitors

Cited by 5 publications

References 44 publications

Ultrasound and Lipoproteins as Predictors of Lipid-Rich, Rupture-Prone Plaques in the Carotid Artery

Ultrasound and Lipoproteins as Predictors of Lipid-Rich, Rupture-Prone Plaques in the Carotid Artery

Sry-type HMG box 18 contributes to the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to endothelial cells

Reversal of Coronary Atherosclerosis by Yoga Lifestyle Intervention

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