Prevention of Chloride-induced Corrosion Damage to Bridges.

Cramer, Stephen D.; Covino, Bernard S.; Bullard, Sophie J.; Holcomb, Gordon R.; Russell, James H.; Ziomek-Moroz, Margaret; Virmani, Y P; Butler, Jamie; Nelson, Frederick J.; Thompson, Neil

doi:10.2355/isijinternational.42.1376

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These features and the shape of the Fe2p spectrum for both CC and CNC specimens denote for the presence of FeCO 3 . 86 The existence of the latter is also evidenced by the 289.2-289.5 eV peaks in the C1s spectra ͑previously discussed, Fig.…”

Section: Specimens CC and Cnc (Corroding Specimens Without And With Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9 and 10b, Table IV͒: at 285 eV, corresponding to carbon only, bound to carbon and hydrogen ͓C-͑C-H͔͒; near 286.5 eV, corresponding to a single bond carbon-oxygen ͑C-O͒; and at 289.2-289.7 eV, due to a double bond carbon-oxygen ͑O-CvO͒, which is denoted to CO 3 2− containing compounds. Similar curve fit of the C1s spectrum was applied for the "control" ͑micelle only sample͒, except that there is no peak between 289.2 and 289.7 eV, but the characteristic peak ͑shake up͒ for PS ͑the "core" of the micelles͒ appears at 291.5 eV ͑Ref.…”

Section: C81mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, in the United States, the annual direct cost of bridge infrastructure corrosion was estimated to be $8.3 billion, and the indirect cost was reported to be many times higher. 3 In normal conditions, the reinforcing steel embedded in cementbased materials ͑i.e., cement paste, mortar, and concrete͒ is in a passive state because of the high alkalinity ͑pH = 12.6-13.5͒ of the pore solution and the cement paste, respectively. 4,5 However, corrosion can be initiated due to carbonation or chloride contamination.…”

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Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Simulated Pore Solution in the Presence of Micelles

Koleva

Wit

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This study presents the results on the investigation of the corrosion behavior of carbon steel in model alkaline medium in the presence of very low concentration of polymeric nanoaggregates ͓0.0024 wt % polyethylene oxide ͑PEO͒ 113 -b-PS 70 micelles͔. The steel electrodes were investigated in chloride-free and chloride-containing cement extracts. The electrochemical measurements ͑electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization͒ indicate that the presence of micelles alters the composition of the surface layers ͑i.e., micelles were indeed absorbed to the steel surface͒ and influences the electrochemical behavior of the steel, i.e., the micelles lead to an initially increased corrosion resistance of the steel whereas no significant improvement was observed within longer immersion periods. Surface analysis, performed by environmental scanning electronic microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray analysis, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, supports and elucidates the corrosion performance. The product layers in the micelles-containing specimens are more homogenous and compact, presenting protective ␣-Fe 2 O 3 and/or Fe 3 O 4 , whereas the product layers in the micelles-free specimens exhibit mainly FeOOH, FeO, and FeCO 3 , which are prone to chloride attack. Therefore, the increased "barrier effects" along with the layers composition and altered surface morphology denote for the initially increased corrosion resistance of the steel in chloride-containing alkaline medium in the presence of micelles. A well-known fact is that corrosion of steel reinforcement can cause reinforced concrete deterioration and thus affect civil structures durability.1,2 Logically, corrosion-related issues result in a significant economic loss. For example, in the United States, the annual direct cost of bridge infrastructure corrosion was estimated to be $8.3 billion, and the indirect cost was reported to be many times higher. 3In normal conditions, the reinforcing steel embedded in cementbased materials ͑i.e., cement paste, mortar, and concrete͒ is in a passive state because of the high alkalinity ͑pH = 12.6-13.5͒ of the pore solution and the cement paste, respectively. 4,5 However, corrosion can be initiated due to carbonation or chloride contamination. 6 Carbonation can result in a pH drop ͑to about 8-9͒ 7,8 in the pore solution of the bulk cementitious matrix, leading to a general corrosion of the reinforcing steel. In the event of chloride penetration and chloride arrival at the steel/cement paste interface, localized corrosion is initiated; the local pH can drop to even below 6, resulting in fast corrosion propagation. This will cause accelerated damage of the reinforcing steel and possible rapid failure of reinforced concrete. 9To minimize the corrosion processes, various methods and techniques are used. Among them, the polymer-based organic corrosion inhibitors are widely applied because they can provide an easy handling, cost-effective corrosion prevention, delaying corrosion initiation.10-14 The organic inh...

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Section: Specimens CC and Cnc (Corroding Specimens Without And With Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: C81mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Simulated Pore Solution in the Presence of Micelles

Koleva

Wit

et al. 2011

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Logically, corrosion induced reinforced concrete degradation results in significant economic loss. For example, in U.S., the annual direct cost of bridge infrastructure corrosion was estimated to be $8.3 billion and the indirect cost was reported to be many times higher (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Micelle-Containing Cement Extract

Koleva

Wit³

et al. 2010

ECS Trans.

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This study presents the results from a preliminary investigation on the corrosion behavior of low carbon steel in cement extract (CE) in the presence of very low concentration polymeric nanoaggregates (PEO 113 -b-PS 70 micelles). The steel electrodes were investigated in Cl --containing CE as corrosion medium, compared to chloride-free CE as a reference case. The results from the electrochemical measurements (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Potentio-dynamic Polarization (PDP)) indicate that the presence of micelles leads to increased corrosion resistance of the steel, but pronounced only at early stages (1h and 3h), whereas no significant influence was observed within longer immersion periods (5d). To some extent, this result was as expected, considering the used low concentration of micelles for this test. The surface analysis however, shows that the presence of the micelles in the cement extract, results in a more homogeneous and compact layer on the steel surface, compared to the steel immersed in the micelles-free solutions.

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“…The corrosiveness of chloride ions has a farreaching negative impact on infrastructure sustainability; chlorides corrode metallic pipes, concrete, electrodes used to extract metals from ores, heat exchangers, and Kraft recovery furnaces, amongst others [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Without chloride removal, significant operational disruptions and financial damages can occur to industries and communities [5,[12][13][14]. For example, bridge corrosion by chloride was estimated to cost USD 275.7 billion/per year and USD 123 billion in the USA in 1998 [12] and 2017, respectively [15].…”

Section: Chloridementioning

confidence: 99%

Technologies for Halide Removal in Water Treatment – A State-of-the-Art Review

Nariyan

Hamilton

et al. 2022

Glob. Environ. Eng.

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Halides (X=Cl, Br, I) are naturally present in water, and halide concentrations can be high in water sources that are impacted by high salinity. Halides are also present in wastewater streams from various industrial operations such as pulp and paper, oil and gas, and mining. Drinking water guideline limits have been established for halides, and halide removal from water is important in several ways. Chloride concentration in water is more related to salinity, and its removal from water matters because of adverse health effects, water scarcity, corrosion, and industrial needs. In drinking water treatment, disinfection is essential to improve water quality and prevent the spread of water born pathogens. However, disinfectants also produce harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs) from precursors such as halides and natural organic matter (NOM) in the source water. Removing halides in the source water before disinfection is a preferred option to increase the disinfection efficiency and avoid forming more toxic DBPs. Some industrial-made isotopes are radioactive and carcinogenic, and iodide produces iodinated DBPs. Bromide removal is important because it produces brominated DBPs. Halides also affect AOPs and can cause more active radicals such as OH. and SO4-. to transform into less active radicals. This paper aims to comprehensively review the sources of halides, the chemistry, and interaction in forming DBPs, current regulatory limits and state-of-art removal technologies available, and their challenges.

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Prevention of Chloride-induced Corrosion Damage to Bridges.

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Simulated Pore Solution in the Presence of Micelles

Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Simulated Pore Solution in the Presence of Micelles

Corrosion Performance of Carbon Steel in Micelle-Containing Cement Extract

Technologies for Halide Removal in Water Treatment – A State-of-the-Art Review

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