Prevention of Inflammation-Mediated Neurotoxicity by Rg3 and Its Role in Microglial Activation

Ginsenoside Rg₃ Attenuates Microglia Activation Following Systemic Lipopolysaccharide Treatment in Mice

“…This effect of ginsenoside Rg 3 was investigated only with in vitro BV-2 microglial cell cultures. 13,14) In the present study, ginsenoside Rg 3 lessened the microglia morphological changes to an activated-form which can manifest as increased cell size, irregular shape, thickened and shortened processes in all brain regions. Moreover, ginsenoside Rg 3 significantly reduced Iba1 protein expression in the brain compared to that of LPS group.…”

“…21) In previous studies, ginsenoside Rg 3 effectively suppressed proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in LPS-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells, 13) in Aβ-treated BV-2 microglial cells, 14) and in oxazolone applied anaphylactic mice. 22) These suppressive effects against pro-inflammatory cytokines suggested that ginsenoside Rg 3 might be associated with intracellular NF-κB which is a major transcription factor that regulates genes responsible for both the innate and adaptive immune response.…”

“…[8][9][10][11] Recently, it has been reported that ginsenoside Rg 3 plays an important role in modulating the inflammatory processes with in vitro studies. 13,14) Modulatory effect of ginsenoside Rg 3 on microglia activation could be presupposed depending on its neuroprotective and antiinflammatory effects reported previously through in vivo and …”

“…12) In BV-2 microglial cell culture studies, ginsenoside Rg 3 reduced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Aβ42 stimulation. 13,14) These reports indicated that ginsenoside Rg 3 might play a modulatory role on microglia in the brain.…”

Ginsenosides and their metabolites: a review of their pharmacological activities in the skin

“…It has been well documented that Rg3 exerts a protective effect against cancer [15,41,68], neurotoxicity [24], and metabolic disease [21,42,50] (Table 1). In regard to its anticancer properties, an increase in cancer cell apoptosis is a major outcome [22,41,52].…”