Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: Comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life

Walter, Tomás; Pino, Paulina; Pizarro, Fernando; Lozoff, Betsy

doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70352-x

Cited by 99 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In this study, there was an increased likelihood of diarrhoea in a sub-group of infants with adequate iron status. In a follow-up of the study by Walter et al (1998) at 10 years of age (Lozoff et al, 2012), scores on tests for spatial memory and visual motor integration, but not on tests for IQ, visual perception, motor coordination and arithmetic achievement, were statistically significantly lower in the group who had received high-iron formula (1.95 mg/100 kcal). Effects were generally small.…”

Section: Health Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

281

124

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formula. This opinion reviews the opinion provided by the Scientific Committee on Food in 2003 on the essential requirements of infant and follow-on formulae in light of more recent evidence and by considering the Panel's opinion of October 2013 on nutrient requirements and dietary intakes of infants and young children in the European Union. The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first six months of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of formula consumed during this period. From a nutritional point of view, the minimum contents of nutrients in infant and follow-on formula proposed by the Panel cover the nutritional needs of virtually all healthy infants born at term and there is no need to exceed these amounts in formulae, as nutrients which are not used or stored have to be excreted and this may put a burden on the infant's metabolism. Therefore, the Panel emphasises that maximum amounts should be interpreted not as target values but rather as upper limits of a range which should not be exceeded. There is scientific consensus that breast milk is the preferred food for all healthy infants and provides an adequate supply of all nutrients to support growth and development (with the exception of vitamin K during the first weeks of life and of vitamin D). Whereas the composition of infant formula remains stable over time, breast milk composition changes continuously and therefore infant formula cannot imitate breast milk. © EuropeanAll formulae intended for infants must be safe and suitable to meet the nutritional requirements and promote growth and development of infants born at term when used as a sole source of nutrition during the first months of life, and when used as the principal liquid element in a progressively diversified diet after the introduction of appropriate complementary feeding. Nutrients and substances should be added to formulae for infants only in amounts that serve a nutritional or other benefit. The addition in amounts higher than those serving a benefit or the inclusion of unnecessary substances in formulae may put a burden on the infant's metabolism and/or on other physiological functions, as substances which are not used or stored have to be excreted.The minimum content of a nutrient in formula proposed in this opinion is derived from the intake levels the Panel had considered adequate for the majority of infants in the first half of the first year of life in its previous opinion and an average amount of daily energy intake from formula during this period (500 kcal/day). These minimum amounts should be understood as target values which cover the nutritional needs of virtually all infants born at term for optimal growth and devel...

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Section: Health Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 85%

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Products¹

2014

EFSA Journal

281

124

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“…[56][57][58][59][60][61] However, it is the conclusion of the AAP that infant formula that contains 12 mg of elemental iron per L is safe for its intended use. Although there has been some concern about linear growth in iron-replete infants given medicinal iron, 62 no published studies have convincingly documented decreased linear growth in iron-replete infants receiving formulas containing high amounts of iron.…”

Section: Term Formula-fed Infantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

Baker¹,

Greer²

2010

Pediatrics

906

834

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This clinical report covers diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers from birth through 3 years of age. Results of recent basic research support the concerns that iron-deficiency anemia and iron deficiency without anemia during infancy and childhood can have longlasting detrimental effects on neurodevelopment. Therefore, pediatricians and other health care providers should strive to eliminate iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Appropriate iron intakes for infants and toddlers as well as methods for screening for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are presented. Pediatrics 2010;126: 1040-1050 INTRODUCTIONIron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) continue to be of worldwide concern. Among children in the developing world, iron is the most common single-nutrient deficiency. 1 In industrialized nations, despite a demonstrable decline in prevalence, 2 IDA remains a common cause of anemia in young children. However, even more important than anemia itself is the indication that the more common ID without anemia may also adversely affect long-term neurodevelopment and behavior and that some of these effects may be irreversible. 3,4 Because of the implications for pediatric health care providers and their patients, this report reviews and summarizes this information.This clinical report is a revision and extension of a previous policy statement published in 1999, 5 which addressed iron fortification of formulas. This report covers diagnosis and prevention of ID and IDA in infants (both breastfed and formula fed) and toddlers aged 1 through 3 years.

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“…Dos 11 estudos internacionais 20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30 incluídos nesta revisão, nove foram randomizados 20,21,22,23,25,27,28,29,30 , um do tipo quase-experimental e outro uma avaliação transversal. Dos dez nacionais 31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40 , nove foram do tipo antes e depois e apenas um foi randomizado 39 .…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Em outro estudo conduzido no Chile, Walter et al 27 , utilizando como delineamento um ensaio clínico aleatorizado duplo cego, testaram o efeito de fórmulas lácteas com alta e baixa concentração de ferro (12,7mg/L ou 2,3mg/L de sulfato ferroso, respectivamente) sobre a anemia em crianças saudáveis, com seis meses de idade, de quatro clínicas comunitárias. Consentimento para participação no estudo foi obtido de 94,3% dos pais, resultando em uma amostra de 1.179 crianças.…”

Section: Estudos Internacionaisunclassified

Efeito da fortificação de alimentos com ferro sobre anemia em crianças: um estudo de revisão

Assunção

Santos

2007

Cad. Saúde Pública

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Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida com o objetivo de identificar estudos que avaliassem o efeito da fortificação de alimentos com ferro sobre a ocorrência de anemia em crianças. As bases de dados pesquisadas foram MEDLINE, LILACS e sites da Organização Mundial da Saúde e Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde, sem limite de tempo, incluindo estudos publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol, utilizando os seguintes unitermos e suas combinações: food fortification, iron, effectiveness, efficacy, anemia, flour, staple foods, interventions e children. Dos 21 estudos revisados, apenas um não mostrou efeito positivo da intervenção, indicando a possibilidade de existência de viés de publicação. Os estudos apresentaram limitações metodológicas importantes. Os dois estudos com os melhores escores metodológicos mostraram resultados discordantes, evidenciando a necessidade de explorar essa hipótese em ensaios maiores e com maior rigor metodológico.

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Prevention of iron-deficiency anemia: Comparison of high- and low-iron formulas in term healthy infants after six months of life

Cited by 99 publications

References 14 publications

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Scientific Opinion on the essential composition of infant and follow-on formulae

Diagnosis and Prevention of Iron Deficiency and Iron-Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Young Children (0–3 Years of Age)

Efeito da fortificação de alimentos com ferro sobre anemia em crianças: um estudo de revisão

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