Prevention of Prespawning Mortality: Cause of Salmon Headburns and Cranial Lesions

Neitzel, D.A.; Elston, Robert; Abernethy, C. Scott

doi:10.2172/15020751

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Oomycetes of the genus Saprolegnia, in particular S. parasitica, are the causative agents of Saprolegniosis, a disease characterized by the presence of visible white or gray patches of filamentous mycelium on the skin of freshwater fish and their eggs, with high mortality rates in freshwater fish culture. Besides being a problem for the fish farming industry, S. parasitica has also been implicated in wild salmon population decline around the world (6,7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Natural Compounds Against Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae)

et al. 2020

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The fish parasites Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae) cause important losses in freshwater and marine aquaculture industry, respectively. The possible adverse effects of compounds used to control these parasites in aquaculture resulted in increased interest on the search for natural products with antiparasitic activity. In this work, eighteen plant-derived compounds (2 ′ ,4 ′-Dihydroxychalcone; 7-Hydroxyflavone; Artemisinin; Camphor (1R); Diallyl sulfide; Esculetin; Eucalyptol; Garlicin 80%; Harmalol hydrochloride dihydrate; Palmatine chloride; Piperine; Plumbagin; Resveratrol; Rosmarinic acid; Sclareolide; Tomatine, Umbelliferone, and Usnic Acid) have been tested in vitro. Sixteen of these were used to determine their effects on the gill cell line G1B (ATCC ® CRL-2536 TM) and on the motility of viable dinospores of Amyloodinium ocellatum, and thirteen were screened for inhibitory activity against Saprolegnia spp. The cytotoxicity results on G1B cells determined that only two compounds (2 ′ ,4 ′-Dihydroxychalcone and Tomatine) exhibited dose-dependent toxic effects. The highest surveyed concentrations (0.1 and 0.01 mM) reduced cell viability by 80%. Upon lowering the compound concentration the percentage of dead cells was lower than 20%. The same two compounds revealed to be potential antiparasitics by reducing in a dose-dependent manner the motility of A. ocellatum dinospores up to 100%. With respect to Saprolegnia, a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration was found for Tomatine (0.1 mM), Piperine and Plumbagin (0.25 mM), while 2 ′ ,4 ′-Dihydroxychalcone considerably slowed down mycelial growth for 24 h at a concentration of 0.1 mM. Therefore, this research allowed to identify two compounds, Tomatine and 2 ′ ,4 ′-Dihydroxychalcone, effective against both parasites. These compounds could represent promising candidates for the treatment of amyloodiniosis and saprolegniosis in aquaculture. Nevertheless, further in vitro and in vivo tests are required in order to determine concentrations that are effective against the considered pathogens but at the same time safe for hosts, environment and consumers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Natural Compounds Against Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae)

et al. 2020

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“…Some strains, however, appear to be very virulent and able to cause primary infections (Bruno, Van West, & Beakes, ; Stueland, Hatai, & Skaar, ). S. parasitica , a generalist pathogen infecting different fish species (Gozlan et al., ), has especially been involved in episodes of mass mortalities in Salmonidae both in aquaculture (Phillips, Anderson, Robertson, Secombes, & van West, ; Robertson et al., ; van West, ) and in nature (van den Berg, McLaggan, Diéguez‐Uribeondo, & van West, ; Neitzel, Elston, & Abernethy, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilocus sequence typing reveals clonality in Saprolegnia parasitica outbreaks

Ravasi

Respinis

Wahli

2018

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The molecular epidemiology of fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica is still largely unknown. We developed a multilocus sequence typing scheme based on seven housekeeping genes to characterize 77 S. parasitica strains isolated from different fish host species at different times and from different geographic areas in Switzerland between 2015 and 2017. Ten different diploid sequence types (DSTs) were identified. The majority (52%) of outbreaks in Switzerland seemed to be caused by one genotype, namely DST3, which was recovered from farm-raised and wild-caught fish in all the geographic areas and river basins included in the study. DST3 was also recovered from the rivers Bienne (eastern France) and Doubs, where the episodes of massive mortality due to saprolegniosis started in 2009. Another genotype (DST7) showed, to a lesser extent, a distribution across different river basins, while eight DSTs were unique to a defined geographic area or river basin. The occurrence of sporadic DSTs indicates a certain degree of diversity within S. parasitica in the environment. The wide distribution of DST3 suggests that a clonal population may have spread in eastern France and Switzerland across geographic barriers, with strong implications for the management of both captive and wild fish populations.

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“…Species from this order are also known to infect fish eggs, resulting in cell death ( Robertson et al, 2009 ). Members of the Saprolegnia genus are likely present in all fresh water ecosystems, and may be partially responsible for the global decline in wild fish stocks and amphibian populations ( Kiesecker et al, 2001 ; Pounds, 2001 ; Neitzel et al, 2004 ). The species Saprolegnia parasitica causes Saprolegniasis, a disease characterized by visible white or gray patches of filamentous mycelium on the body or fins of freshwater fish ( van West, 2006 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Four Developmental Stages of Saprolegnia parasitica

2018

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Several water mold species from the Saprolegnia genus infect fish, amphibians, and crustaceans in natural ecosystems and aquaculture farms. Saprolegnia parasitica is one of the most severe fish pathogens. It is responsible for millions of dollars of losses to the aquaculture industry worldwide. Here, we have performed a proteomic analysis, using gel-based and solution (iTRAQ) approaches, of four defined developmental stages of S. parasitica grown in vitro, i.e., the mycelium, primary cysts, secondary cysts and germinated cysts, to gain greater insight into the types of proteins linked to the different stages. A relatively high number of kinases as well as virulence proteins, including the ricin B lectin, disintegrins, and proteases were identified in the S. parasitica proteome. Many proteins associated with various biological processes were significantly enriched in different life cycle stages of S. parasitica. Compared to the mycelium, most of the proteins in the different cyst stages showed similar enrichment patterns and were mainly related to energy metabolism, signal transduction, protein synthesis, and post-translational modifications. The proteins most enriched in the mycelium compared to the cyst stages were associated with amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and mitochondrial energy production. The data presented expand our knowledge of metabolic pathways specifically linked to each developmental stage of this pathogen.

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Prevention of Prespawning Mortality: Cause of Salmon Headburns and Cranial Lesions

Cited by 11 publications

References 23 publications

Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Natural Compounds Against Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae)

Comparative Therapeutic Effects of Natural Compounds Against Saprolegnia spp. (Oomycota) and Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinophyceae)

Multilocus sequence typing reveals clonality in Saprolegnia parasitica outbreaks

Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Four Developmental Stages of Saprolegnia parasitica

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